Qadiriyya

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Qadiri Order
Key people
Abdul Qadir Gilani

The Qadiriyya (

Gilan
, Iran. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Sunni Islamic law.

The order, with its many offshoots, is widespread, particularly in the non-Arabic-speaking world, and can also be found in Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Balkans, Russia, Palestine, China,[1] and East and West Africa.[2]

History

The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani, was a scholar and preacher.[3] Having been a pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak, he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh, he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq, succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, emphasizing his reputation as founder of a distinct and prestigious Sufi order.[4]

The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the

Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258, and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate, the legend of Gilani was further spread by a text entitled The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds (Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who depicted Gilani as the ultimate channel of divine grace[4] and helped the Qadiri order to spread far beyond the region of Baghdad.[4]

By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco. Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Somalia, and present-day Mali.[4] Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During the Safavid dynasty's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq.

Islamic prophet Muhammad, is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689.[4][5] One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City, which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China.[1] By the seventeenth century the Qadiriyya had also reached Ottoman
-ruled areas of Europe.

Sultan Bahu contributed to the spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140.[6] He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity was not through asceticism or excessive or lengthy prayers but through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called fana.[citation needed]

Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i (

Muslim teaching.[7]

Sheikh

wird, or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world.[8] Dan Fodio later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, the founder of the Qadiri tariqah, an ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of Muhammad. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid "renewer" and the role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the Fula language.[9]

Features

The Qadiriyya Zawiya (Sufi lodge) in Tozeur, Tunisia
  • Qadiri leadership is not centralised. Each centre of Qadiri thought is free to adopt its own interpretations and practices.
  • The symbol of the order is the rose. A rose of green and white cloth, with a six-pointed star in the middle, is traditionally worn in the cap of Qadiri dervishes. Robes of black felt are also customary.[10]
  • Names of God are prescribed as chants for repetition by initiates (dhikr). Formerly, several hundred thousand repetitions were required, and obligatory for those who hold the office of sheikh.[10]
  • Any man over the age of eighteen may be initiated. They may be asked to live in the order's commune (khanqah or tekke) and to recount their dreams to their sheikh.[10]: 94 
  • Celibacy, poverty, meditation, and mysticism within an ascetic context along with worship centered on saint's tombs were promoted by the Qadiriyya among the Hui in China.[11][12] In China, unlike other Muslim sects, the leaders (Shaikhs) of the Qadiriyya Sufi order are celibate.[13][14][15][16][17] Unlike other Sufi orders in China, the leadership within the order is not a hereditary position; rather, one of the disciples of the celibate Shaikh is chosen by the Shaikh to succeed him. The 92-year-old celibate Shaikh Yang Shijun was the leader of the Qadiriya order in China as of 1998.[18]

Spiritual chain

The Spiritual Chain (Silsila) is listed as follows:

  • 1st Version of Spiritual Chain (Silsila)
  1. Muhammad
  2. Ali ibn Abi Talib
  3. Hasan ibn Ali
  4. Husayn ibn Ali
  5. Zayn al-Abidin
  6. Muhammad al-Baqir
  7. Ja'far al-Sadiq
  8. Musa al-Kazim
  9. Ali ar-Rida
  10. Maruf Karkhi
  11. Sirri Saqti
  12. Junayd al-Baghdadi
  13. Abu Bakr Shibli
  14. Abdul Aziz bin Hars bin Asad Yemeni Tamimi
  15. Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi
  16. Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi
  17. Abu al-Hasan Hankari
  18. Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak Makhzoomi
  19. Abdul-Qadir Gilani
  • 2nd Version of Spiritual Chain (Silsila), Known as Silsila Aaliyah Qadriyah
  1. Muhammad
  2. Ali ibn Abi Talib
  3. Husayn ibn Ali
  4. Zayn al-Abidin
  5. Muhammad al-Baqir
  6. Ja'far al-Sadiq
  7. Musa al-Kazim
  8. Ali ar-Rida
  9. Maruf Karkhi
  10. Sirri Saqti
  11. Junayd al-Baghdadi
  12. Abu Bakr Shibli
  13. Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi
  14. Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi
  15. Abu al-Hasan Hankari
  16. Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak Makhzoomi
  17. Abdul-Qadir Gilani[19]
  1. Muhammad
  2. Ali ibn Abi Talib
  3. Hasan Basri
  4. Habib al-Ajami
  5. Dawud Tai
  6. Maruf Karkhi
  7. Sirri Saqti
  8. Junayd al-Baghdadi
  9. Abu Bakr Shibli
  10. Abdul Aziz bin Hars bin Asad Yemeni Tamimi
  11. Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi
  12. Mohammad Yousaf Abu al-Farah Tartusi
  13. Abu al-Hasan Hankari
  14. Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak Makhzoomi
  15. Abdul-Qadir Gilani

Offshoots

Qadiri Naqshbandiyya

The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on the occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja of all Khwajas of the world". This line is also considered the line of the Qadiri Imamate. They all are descending from each other.[20]

Mahmud´s grave, buried next to his descendants Mir Jan and Mahmud II

Khwaja Khawand Mahmud Al Alavi, known by his followers as "Hazrat Ishaan" was directed by his Pir Ishaq Wali Dahbidi to spread the Naqshbandiyya in Mughal India. His influence mostly remained in the Kashmir valley, whereupon Baqi Billah has expanded the order in other parts of India.[27] Mahmud is a significant Saint of the order as he is a direct blood descendant in the 7th generation of Baha-ul-din Naqshband, the founder of the order[28] and his son in law Ala-ul-din Atar[29] It is because of this that Mahmud claims direct spiritual connection to his ancestor Baha-u-din.[28] Furthermore Mahmud had a significant amount of nobles as disciples, highlighting his popular influence in the Mughal Empire.[30] His main emphasis was to highlight orthodox Sunni teachings.[30] Mahmud´s son Moinuddin lies buried in their Khanqah together with his wife who was the daughter of a Mughal Emperor. It is a pilgrimage site in which congregational prayers, known as "Khoja-Digar" are held in honor of Baha-ul-Din on his death anniversary the 3rd Rabi ul Awwal of the islamic lunar calendar. This practice including the "Khatm Muazzamt" is a practice that goes back to Mahmud and his son Moinuddin[28] The Kashmiri population venerate Mahmud and his family as they are regarded them as the revivers of the Naqshbandiyya in Kashmir.[31]Mahmud was succeeded by his son Moinuddin and their progeny until the line died out in the eighteenth century.[29] However this line was revived again by a descendant of Mahmud in the 8th generation called Sayyid Mir Jan Kabuli, who centered Mahmud´s cult in Lahore. Sayyid Mir Jan is buried next to Mahmud in his mausoleum in Lahore.[32]

Halisa – Halisiyya

The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (1212 – 1275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq.[citation needed] Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion.[citation needed] Ottomans donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as a follower.[citation needed] Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials.[citation needed] It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong.

After his death, his branch was populated[clarification needed] in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Haydar Baba Trabzoni and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba.

Qadri Noshahi

The Qadri Noshahi

Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century.[34]

Sarwari Qadiri

Allah's essence within a disciple's heart, associated with the Sarwari Qadri Order

Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian subcontinent. Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises. Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God.[35]

The Qadiriyya–Mukhtariyya Brotherhood

This branch of the Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by

Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti, a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe.[36]

The Qadiriyya Harariya

The founder of the Qadiriyya

Qadriyah Barkaatiyah

Founded by Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, (26th

Sajjada Nashin) of the Khanquah-e-Barakatiyah.[40]

Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah

Silsila-e-Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah was founded by Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati along with Khanqah E Razviyah, When Ahmed Raza became the Mureed of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi in year 1294 AH (1877 CE), When Khan became Mureed at the same time his Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in the several Sufi Silsilas[41][42][43]

Qadriyah Barkaatiyah Razviyah Nooriyah

Founded by Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati Noori (1892–1981), He is the younger son Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri Barkaati, an Indian Muslim scholar, jurist, poet, author, leader of the Sunni Barelvi movement and Grand Mufti of India of his time, He is Mureed (disciple) and Khalifa of Abul Hussain Ahmad Noori Marehrawi, who is descendant (great - great - great-grandson) of Sayyad Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi, He got Khilafat and I'jaazat of Silsila Qadriyah Barkaatiyah from his Murshid along with Silsila E Chishti, Naqshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari.[44]

Ansari Qadiri Rifai Tariqa

Grave of Shaykh Muhyiddin Ansari in Istanbul, Turkey
Grave of Shaykh Muhyiddin Ansari in Istanbul, Turkey

Muhammad Ansari was a descendant of both Abdul Qadir Geylani and Ahmed er Rifai and a shaykh of the Rifai Tariqa. He moved to Erzincan in northeastern Turkey in the early 1900s, where he met Shaykh Abdullah Hashimi of the Qadiri order. After working together for many years, Hashimi sent Ansari to Istanbul to establish the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa and revive the Ayni Ali Baba Tekke. With permission from Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Ansari and his wife rebuilt the tekke and headed the Qadiri Rifai Tariqa there from 1915 until his death.

better source needed
]

Ansari was succeeded by his son Muhyiddin Ansari, who started a tariqa in his own name called the Tariqat-i Ansariya or Ansari Tariqa. Before Muhyiddin died, he appointed Shaykh Taner Vargonen Tarsusi to establish the order in the United States. Today the Sufi Order is known as the Ansari Qadiri Rifai Tariqa, and the living leader is still Tarsusi, who has gone one to established centers of the order in several countries.

better source needed
]

Hindiler Tekkesi Tariqa

It was founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız, and became the Romani people in Turkey Tariqa.[46]

See also

Notes

  1. transliterated
    Qādirīyah, Qadri, Qadriya, Kadri, Elkadri, Kadry, Elkadry, Aladray, Alkadrie, Adray, Kadray, Kadiri, Qadiri, Quadri or Qadri

References

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Further reading