Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I
Asaf Jah I | |
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Chin Fateh Khan Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur Khan-i-Khana Fateh Jung Firuz Jang Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur Amir-ul-Umara Asaf Jahi Dynasty | |
Spouse(s) |
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Issue |
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Father | Nawab Maratha-Nizam War |
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi (11 August 1671 – 1 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I, was the first
Political intrigues compelled Asaf Jah to rebel against the emperor and in 1724 Muhammad Shah was forced to recognize Asaf Jah as the permanent Viceroy of the Deccan. Later that year Asaf Jah proclaimed himself Nizam and began the Asaf Jahi dynasty, with himself as its first ruler.[6][7][8][9]
Background
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan (also known as Nizam) was the son of
Early life
He was born on 11 August 1671 as Mir Qamaruddin Khan to
Mir Qamaruddin was educated privately. Due to his long residence in the Deccan, he adopted the flowing robes of the Marathas, tight in the waist, and made obeisance in the Deccan fashion.
Career
Life After Aurangzeb
The disintegration of the Mughal empire which Aurangzeb had well established, began upon Aurangzeb's death in 1707. The
Later Mughals and Asaf Jah
After
Governor of Bijapur
Mir Qamar-ud-din became the subahdar (governor) of Bijapur in 1702 and was awarded a steed by Emperor Aurangzeb. In the same year, he was also given the faujdari of Azamnagar and Belgaum. In 1704, he became the faujdar of Nusratabad and Mudgal.[24] In 1705 Mir Qamar-ud-din survived the attacks during the Siege of Wagingera Fort, and led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.[34] He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants at Vardhangad Fort. The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Mir Qamar-ud-din was raised to a rank of 5,000 zaat and 5,000 "Sowar" for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with a jewelled sabre and an elephant.[35]
Viceroy of the Deccan
On 10 January 1713, Mughal prince Farrukhsiyar defeated Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah in the Battle of Agra and later killed him, One of Mughal general Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung aided and intrigues Jahandar Shah after the death of his father Bahadur Shah I in 1712 to overcame all his brothers-(including the battle in which Azim-ush-Shan the father of Farrukhsiyar was drowned in the Ravi River) and ascended the throne of Mughal Emperor, in return, Zulfiqar Khan was made Grand vizier, "Amir-ul-Umara" and Viceroy of the Deccan all at once. Zulfiqar Khan was captured and strangled to death in 1713 AD with the orders of Farrukhsiyar.[36][37]
In 1713
Governor of Malwa-challenges-restoring Emperor
The Sayyid brothers, known as the badshahgar(king-makers),[44] became the sole authority of Mughal court reducing the status of the Turkic and the Irani noblemen. As a result, they formed a force of counter-revolution against the Sayyid brothers. The head of the Counter-Revolution was Nizam. To subdue the counter-revolution, the Sayyid brothers shifted Nizam-ul-mulk from Delhi. In 1715 AD, the Nizam was appointed as the Governor of Malwa-(central India), a lesser position than the previous post. in 1716 AD Nizam unwillingly accepted the new post so that he could reinforce his forces against the Sayyid brothers and check and halt the increasing influence of Marathas in the central India region.[45]
In 1719, Nizam became suspicious of the machination of the Sayyed brothers and understood their intentions to take over the Mughal Empire. When two of the Mughal Emperors died simultaneously within a year due to the same ailment and
In Delhi, the Sayyid brothers released an imperial order to attack Nizam's forces from two fronts, thus dispatched a 20,000 imperial army of Delhi led by Dilawar Khan to attack from the North and the Army of Governor of Aurangabad led by Alim Ali-(the adopted son of Syed Hussain Ali Khan) to attack from South. Nizam being a military strategist rather than marching towards Delhi decided to move southwards to the Deccan where he had many sympathizers to support. The Nizam utilizing his diplomatic manipulation occupied Asirgarh Fort from Mughals and left Ujjain towards Burhanpur. His army clashed with Dilawar Khan aided by Maratha reinforcement near Burhanpur (Khandwa) in June 1720, Dilawar Khan and Marathas were defeated and Nizam took over Burhnpur. Sayyed brothers hopeless with the battle result issued an imperial order appointing Nizam as Viceroy of Deccan.[38][40]
Mughal empress's mother alarmed Nizam that "Plans are already being made to mount a strong invasion of the south, be on your guard" Meanwhile Sayyed brothers ordered Alim Ali-(Uninformed by Sayyed brothers about Nizam's appointment as Viceroy of Deccan) to march towards Nizam and stop him from reaching Aurangabad. Nizam wanted to avoid any war against a 20-year-old Alim Ali and sent his envoy, but all his efforts to avoid war went in vain when in July 1720 AD Alim Ali approached with his army, though Alim Ali fought with bravery he lost against Nizam well-equipped army. Frustrated with the defeat of Alim Ali, the Sayyed brothers now decided to attack with a much larger imperial army of 50,000 led by Emperor
Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire
In 1721 AD, Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for eliminating the
Nizam of Hyderabad
On 11 October 1724, the Nizam established autonomous rule over the Deccan region and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[38][57] Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.[58] He acquired de facto control over Deccan and thus all six Mughal viceregal governorates of Deccan became his feudatory.[59][60]
In 1725 AD, as a sovereign ruler, the Nizam wanted to strengthening the Deccan by controlling the growing influence of the Marathas, he confronted and
1733 AD the Nizam and Baji Rao had made a compact to support each other in times of external attacks, in 1734 The Marathas attacked and captured Bundelkhand and Malwa from the Mughal control, and in exchange for these territories the Mughal emperor gave them the right to collect levies from Deccan, to which the nizam refused and the secret compact among both was broken.[64] in 1737 AD when Maratha forces gathered in Delhi, Nizam marched against Maraths from Deccan to stop the invasion thus Marathas withdraw from Delhi and with the help of Nawab of Bhopal, they make a counterattack on Nizam's armies which resulted in the Battle of Bhopal, later in January 1738, a peace treaty was signed between both the parties and withdraw to their regions.[64][65][66][43]^
The Nizam divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One-third became his private estate known as the
War against the Marathas
The Nizam wrote some advice for his successors in the Ma'asir-i Nizami:[67]
"It is necessary for the ruler of the Deccan who desires his safety, peace from war, and the prosperity of his country to have peace with the Marathas who are the landholders[zamindaran] of this region."
"The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But Marathas never fight directly on the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."
Warid, written proverb describing
In 1725, the Marathas clashed with the Nizam, who refused to pay
Maratha Treaty
Anxious to divert Marathas away from his Deccan strongholds, and to save himself from the Mughal emperor of North India's hostile attempts to suppress his independence,[70] The Nizam encouraged the Marathas to invade Malwa and the northern Indian territories of the Mughal empire.[71][72] The Nizam says that he could use the Marathas to his advantage in the Maasir-i Nizami:[73]
"I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them."
Nader Shah
In 1739, from beyond the
Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops to
"Whatever the king likes, he is free to speak and make orders, but he does not understand the art of warfare. The stupid fellows went to launch a campaign without order and discipline, and by their folly destroyed a force of 40,000...The king is angry with me for not carrying out his commands. The reality is they did not listen to my advice."
Nader Shah entered Delhi and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi quarrelled and attacked his soldiers. After nine hundred of his soldiers were killed in a bazaar brawl, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered a massacre. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed. When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers dared to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate a truce. Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city.[74] Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah
"You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed."
These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he ended the massacre on condition and returned to Persia.[74]
Later life
The Nizam was well suited to rule his territory. The administration was under control.
In March 1742, the British who were based in Fort St George in
It was after Nizam ul-mulk's death that his son and grandson sought help from the British and French to win the throne. Just days before he died in 1748,
Legacy
Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most important
In early 1710, while being as Subedar of Awadh, he was very much disturbed by the Mughal Emperor court politics and crafty cliques present inside the court, that he resigned from Subedar of Awadh and left to live a life of Fakir.[80]
Personal life
Asaf Jah was married to Said-Un-Nissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from
As per the 1749 British records of
Nasir Jung being Nizam-ul-Mulk's son (i.e. have some claim to the Deccan Subah) and Muzaffar Jung being his favourite grandson[83]: 50 lead the succession of one of the most important Subahs of Mughal empire into a severe crisis with was well exploited first by the French and then by British.
After defeating Nasir Jung with the help of the French,
The succession feud between Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung was one of the most pivotal events in Indian history that led to the interference of European powers.[81]: 48 This led to the emergence of Robert Clive and the ultimate domination of the British in the Indian peninsula in the later years.[86] Irony was that Both Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung died due to the betrayal of Pathan Nawabs (i.e. Faujdars) of the circars of Kurnool, Kadapa and Savanur.[81]: 43, 51
Death
Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolving
The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—
Titles
- 1685 : Khan
- 1691 : Khan Bahadur
- 1697 : Chin Qilich Khan (by Emperor Aurangazeb[88])
- 9 December 1707 : Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur
- 1712 : Ghazi ud-din Khan Bahadur and Firuz Jang
- 12 January 1713 : Khan-i-Khanan, Nizam ul-Mulk and Fateh Jang (by Emperor Farrukhsiyar[88])
- 12 July 1737 : Asaf Jah (by Emperor Muhammad Shah[88])
- 26 February 1739 : Amir ul-Umara and Bakshi ul-Mamalik (Paymaster-General)
- Final : Chin Fateh Khan, Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur, Khan-i-Khana, Fateh Jung, Firuz Jang, Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur, Amir-ul-Umara, Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik[citation needed]
In popular culture
- In the Yuri Suriportrays Qamr-ud-din Khan.
- In the 2015 Bollywood movie Bajirao Mastani, Raza Muradappears in a cameo as Asaf Jah I.
Positions
- 1701–1705: Talikota
- 1705–1706: Faujdar of the
- 1706–1707: Faujdar of Raichur, Talikota, Sakhar and Badkal
- 1707: Faujdar of Firozabad and Balakot
- 9 December 1707 – 6 February 1711: Oudh and Faujdar of Gorakhpur
- 12 January 1713 – April 1715: Subedar of the the Carnatic
- April 1717-7 January 1719: Faujdar of Moradabad
- 7 February – 15 March 1719: Subedar of Patna
- 15 March 1719 – 1724: Subedar of Malwa
- 1722–1724: Subedar of Gujarat
Military promotions
- Commander of 400-foot and 100 horse, 1684 (roughly equivalent to a modern lieutenant-colonel)
- 400-foot and 500-horse, 1691
- 400-foot and 900-horse, 1698
- 3,000-foot and 500 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern regimental commander or colonel)
- 3,500-foot and 3,000 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern brigade commander or brigadier)
- 4,000-foot and 3,000 horse, 1699,
- 4,000-foot and 3,600-horse, 1700
- 4,000-foot and 4,000 horse, 1702 (roughly equivalent to a modern division commander or major-general)
- 5,000-foot and 5,000 horse, 1705
- 6,000-foot and 6,000 horse, 9 December 1707
- 7,000-foot and 7,000 horse, 27 January 1708
- 8,000-foot and 8,000 horse, 12 January 1713
- 9,000-foot and 9,000 horse, 8 February 1722[citation needed]
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The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated by Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own
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Muzaffar Jung (Hidayat Muhiuddin Khan) was a grandson of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I's favourite daughter Khair-un-Nissa Begum.
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Bibliography
- Khan, Yousuf Hussain (1936). Nizamu'l-Mulk Asaf Jah I. Basel Mission Press.
- Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- Faruqui, Munis D. (2013). "At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India". In Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.). Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-1-107-03428-0.
Further reading
Nizam ul Mulk early career, life in Delhi, Formation of Empire
External links
- Media related to Asaf Jah I at Wikimedia Commons
- The Nizam's Golden Era