Qara'unas
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The Qara'unas or Negüderi were the Mongols who settled in Afghanistan after moving from Turkestan and Mongolia.[1][2][3]
Foundation
The word Qarauna derived from the
Mongol Empire
Although some scholars claim that the Qara'unas did not owe allegiance to any khanate in the 1290s, it is also claimed that the Qara'unas were largely brought under the
Rise to power and decline
Serving under the Khans, they gained confidence from them. Qara'unas were the main force for the campaigns in
While the Mongols in Moghulistan, the eastern part of the Chagatai Khanate, called their western counterparts in Transoxiana Qara'unas (blacks or mixed breed), the western Chagatayid called the Mongols of Moghulistan Jete (bandits). The western part of the khanate was under the control of Qara'unas such as
With the Mongol (Moghul) invasion in 1360, the Qarauna ascendancy failed. In 1362
Quickly after the Khan's fail, Timur and Husayn recovered. They co-ruled Transoxiana and installed a puppet khan. Husayn decided to build himself a permanent capital and urban base on the site of Balkh in Afghanistan and Turkestan, ruined since the time of Genghis Khan, but now to be developed as an anti-Samarkand. When the ambitious Temur finally revolted in 1370 at the head of his coalition, Husayn had little support left and was easily defeated and killed. Temur fully subjugated the Qara'unas in the 1380s.
During the reign of Temur (d.1405), Qara'unas formed a huge part of his army. According to Babur, they still spoke Mongolian in the mountains of Ghazni in the late 15th century.[5]
Modern descendants
The Nikudari are (or were; Weiers notes that his informants were not aware of this term anymore) a population group of Afghanistan of Mongolic origin. They are distinct from them in that the Hazara do not exhibit any Mongolic linguistic peculiarities. The Nikudari, on the other hand, used to speak Moghol which is probably extinct now.
Their tribal name hails from their former military leader,
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Jackson 2003, p. 328.
- ^ Wink 2003, p. 127.
- ISBN 978-1-83860-940-5.
- ^ "qara", Wiktionary, 2023-06-04, retrieved 2023-06-15
- ISBN 9780307431950.
- ^ Morgan, David (2007 [1986]): The Mongols. Malden: Blackwell Publishing: 95
- ^ Weiers 1971, pp. 15–24.
Sources
- Cited sources
- Jackson, Peter (16 October 2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
- Wink, André (November 2003). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 127. ISBN 90-04-13561-8.
- Weiers, Michael (1971). Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (in German). Göttingen: Opladen. pp. 15–24.
- Other sources
- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War'", 1998.
- Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press, 1998.
- Rashid al-Din, Universal history
- Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971, ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.