Qasr Ibrim
Qasr Ibrim | |
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Location | Egypt |
Coordinates | 22°38′59″N 31°59′34″E / 22.64972°N 31.99278°E |
Qasr Ibrim (
History
Pre-history and ancient era
Human habitation at the site dates from the
Egypt's influence in
The site was partly rebuilt "under the prefecture of Gaius Petronius during Augustus' reign."[5] Qasr Ibrim played a key role in Rome's defense of the Aswan region, and was likely held until AD 100 or later.[6] The fortress, constructed by Roman military engineers, was the strongest in the Nile Valley at this time.[6]
Early Christian age
During Roman times the town was one of the last bastions of paganism, its six temples converting to Christianity two centuries later than the rest of Egypt. It then became one of the main Christian centers in Lower Nubia. Christianity first came to Qasr Ibrim in the 6th century, but had little effect. It wasn't until the city became part of the kingdom of
Two churches remain on the site. The Taharqa Church was most likely built between 542 and 580, which would make it one of Nubia's earliest churches. Like many of the earliest churches in Nubia, it would have been constructed within the walls of the already present temples.[6] Qasr Ibrim's cathedral was built later, though the date of construction in unclear. Archaeologists currently believe it was constructed in the first half of the eighth century.[6]
The last known
Archaeology
The site was first excavated by
Evidence for plant and animal use
The almost rainless conditions of the area have created excellent preservation of organic materials. Pottery dated to the post-Meroitic period (AD 350–600) shows evidence of both date palm and doum palm residues.[13] Various samples of sorghum dating from between 800 BC to AD 1800 have also been found at Qasr Ibrim.[14] There are four forms of sorghum that are found on the site. From when the site was settled until around AD 100 only wild sorghum can be found. From AD 100 until around 1500 an early form of cultivated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Bicolor) is found. Around 1200 an advanced form of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Durra) appears. Between the 5th and 7th centuries a transitional race is also present.[15]
There are believed to be three phases of agricultural history, the Napatan occupation, the Roman occupation, and the Meroitic periods. Listed below are the main crops that have been identified in each phase:[16]
Napatan (mid 8th - mid 7th century BC):
- emmer wheat(Triticum turgidum L.)
- hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
- broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)
- flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Roman (25 BC - mid 1st century AD):
- emmer wheat(Triticum turgidum L.)
- hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
- broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)
- flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
- cotton (Gossypium sp.)
Meroitic (AD 100–300):
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
- durum wheat(Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum)
- bread wheat(Triticum aestivum)
The site has also revealed many archaeozoological remains, though they have not been as heavily studied as the botanical remains. Evidence of a heavily sheep and goat based economy has been found, along with large numbers of juvenile cattle. These cattle remains suggest a meat- and milk-based economy. The cattle could also have been used for religious ceremonies at the Meroitic Temple.[17] The ritually-deposited remains of a domesticated chicken were also found below a house floor, and date to the post-Meroitic period (late 5th to early 6th centuries AD).[18]
Artifacts
Qasr Ibrim is known not only for its organic remains but also for the textiles that have also been found at the site. During the Roman occupation of the site, sandals, textiles, and leather fragments were left behind.[6] Woolen fabrics are believed to have been brought to Qasr Ibrim in 23 BC by the Romans.[1] Cotton fabrics were not introduced until the first century AD by the Meroitic peoples. The un-dyed Meroitic fabrics differ from the wool of the Romans, which has been found in blues and other bright colors.[1]
The conditions at Qasr Ibrim have also preserved a large number of documents in nine different languages or scripts. This includes hieroglyphics, Demotic, Meroitic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic, and Turkish.[19] Earlier documents were written on papyrus, though parchment was the preferred material for sacred texts. Paper was not common writing material in Nubia until the twelfth century.[12] A variety of texts were found, including personal letters and religious documents. These documents show the significance of Qasr Ibrim as a frontier society, and the center of a vast trade network.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Van Der Vliet, J.; Hagen, J.L. (2013). Qasr Ibrim, Between Egypt and Africa: Studies in Cultural Exchange. Leiden, Nederland: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. p. 65.
- ISBN 978-90-77922-30-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley
- ISBN 978-0-19-999620-9. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam.
- ^ "Egypt: Qasr Ibrim in ancient Nubia". www.touregypt.net (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-02-26.
- ^ David, Rosalie (1993). Discovering Ancient Egypt. Facts on File. p. 106.
- ^ S2CID 161151825.
- ^ Christiane Desroches Noblecourt (1964). "Nubia's sands reveal their last secrets" (pdf). UNESCO Courier (in English, Arabic, and French). XVII (12). UNESCO Digital Library: 33. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- JSTOR 41719586. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ Tadeusz Dzierżykray-Rogalski (1985), The Bishops of Faras: An Anthropological-Medical Study, Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, p. 16.
- ^ Stefan Jakobielski (1972), A History of the Bishopric of Pachoras on the Basis of Coptic Inscriptions, Éditions scientifiques de Pologne, p. 168.
- ^ Randall-MacIver, David; Woolley, Leonard (1911). Buhen. Philadelphia: University Museum.
- ^ ISBN 978-0856981913.
- PMID 11297176.
- ^ Deakin, William J.; Rowley-Conwy, Petr; Shaw, Charles H. (March 1998). "Amplification and Sequencing of DNA from Preserved Sorghum of up to 2800 Years Antiquity Found at Qasr Ibrim". Ancient Biomolecules. 2 (1): 27.
- ^ Deakin, William J.; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Shaw, Charles H. (May 1998). "The sorghum of Qasr Ibrim: Reconstructing DNA templates from ancient seeds". Ancient Biomolecules. 2 (2/3): 117.
- ^ Clapham, A.J.; Rowley-Conwy, P.A. (2007). Fields of change: progress in African archaeobotany. The Netherlands: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 157–164.
- .
- S2CID 162503718.
- ^ William, Adams (Fall 1979). "The "Library" of Qasr Ibrim". The Kentucky Review. 1 (1): 5–27. Retrieved 10 October 2020.