Qasem Soleimani
Qasem Soleimani (
For attacks orchestrated or attempted against American and other targets abroad, Soleimani was personally sanctioned by the United Nations and the European Union,[19][20][21] and was designated as a terrorist by the United States in 2005.[22][23][24] The United States military assassinated Soleimani in a targeted drone strike on 3 January 2020 in Baghdad, Iraq. Iranian government officials publicly mourned Soleimani's death and launched missiles against U.S. military bases in Iraq, wounding 110 American troops.[25][26] Iranian propaganda outlets subsequently represented Soleimani as a national hero.[27][28][29][30]
Early life
Soleimani was born on 11 March 1957,
Military career
Soleimani joined the Revolutionary Guard (
I entered the [Iran–Iraq War] on a fifteen-day mission, and ended up staying until the end ... We were all young and wanted to serve the revolution.
— Quoted in Dexter Filkins (30 September 2013), "The Shadow Commander", The New Yorker
On 22 September 1980, when
On 17 July 1985, Soleimani opposed the IRGC leadership's plan to deploy forces to two islands in western
]After the war, during the 1990s, he was an IRGC commander in Kerman Province.[44] In this region, which is relatively close to Afghanistan, Afghan-grown opium travels to Turkey and on to Europe.[citation needed] Soleimani's military experience helped him earn a reputation as a successful fighter against drug trafficking.[2]
During the
Command of Quds Force
The exact date of his appointment as commander of the IRGC's Quds Force is not clear, but Ali Alfoneh cites it as between 10 September 1997 and 21 March 1998.
Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, senior U.S. State Department official Ryan Crocker flew to Geneva to meet with Iranian diplomats who were under the leadership of Soleimani with the purpose of collaborating to destroy the Taliban.[2] This collaboration was instrumental in defining the targets of air bombing operations in Afghanistan and in capturing key Al-Qaeda operatives, but suddenly ended in January 2002, when President George W. Bush named Iran as part of the "Axis of evil" in his State of the Union address.[2]
Soleimani strengthened the relationship between Quds Force and Hezbollah upon his appointment, and supported the latter by sending in operatives to retake southern Lebanon.
During the
In 2009, The Economist stated on the basis of a leaked report that Christopher R. Hill and General Raymond T. Odierno (America's two most senior officials in Baghdad at the time) met with Soleimani in the office of Iraq's president, Jalal Talabani, but withdrew the story after Hill and Odierno denied the occurrence of the meeting.[57][58][59]
On 24 January 2011, Soleimani was promoted to
Soleimani was described by an ex-
A report issued, late January 2020, by government factions close to IRGC and published by Fars News Agency reveals some of Quds force's infiltration, under the command of Qassem Soleimani, in other countries. The 1992–95 Bosnian War is brought as an example.[63]
Syrian Civil War
We're not like the Americans. We don't abandon our friends.
— Attributed to Soleimani by a former Iraqi leader, referring to Syria. Quoted by Dexter Filkins.[2]
According to several sources, including
Brigadier General
Soleimani was much credited in Syria for the strategy that assisted President Bashar al-Assad in finally repulsing rebel forces and recapturing key cities and towns.
In a visit to the Lebanese capital Beirut on 29 January 2015, Soleimani laid wreaths at the graves of the slain Hezbollah members, including Jihad Mughniyah, which strengthened suspicions about a collaboration between Hezbollah and the Quds Force.[69]
Orchestration of military coalition in 2015
In 2015, Soleimani began gathering support from various sources to combat the newly resurgent
According to
Operations in Aleppo
Soleimani had a decisive impact on the theater of operations, which led to a strong advance in southern Aleppo with the government and allied forces re-capturing two military bases and dozens of towns and villages in a matter of weeks. There was also a series of major
In early February 2016, backed by Russian and Syrian air force airstrikes, the 4th Mechanized Division—in close coordination with Hezbollah, the National Defense Forces (NDF), Kata'eb Hezbollah, and Harakat Al-Nujaba—launched
In late March 2017, Soleimani was seen in the northern
War against ISIL in Iraq
Soleimani had a significant role in Iran's fight against ISIL in Iraq. He was described as the "linchpin" bringing together Kurdish and Shia forces to fight ISIS, overseeing joint operations conducted by the two groups.[86]
In 2014, Soleimani was in the Iraqi city of Amirli, to work with Iraqi forces to push back ISIL militants.[87] The Los Angeles Times reported that Amirli was the first town to successfully withstand an ISIL invasion, and was secured thanks to "an unusual partnership of Iraqi and Kurdish soldiers, Iranian-backed Shia militias and U.S. warplanes".[88][89]
A senior Iraqi official told the BBC that when the city of Mosul fell, the rapid reaction of Iran, rather than American bombing, was what prevented a more widespread collapse.[90] Soleimani also seems to have been instrumental in planning the operation to relieve Amirli in Saladin Governorate, where ISIL had laid siege to an important city.[85] In fact, the Quds force operatives under Soleimani's command seem to have been deeply involved not only with the Iraqi army and Shia militias but also with the Kurdish forces in the Battle of Amirli,[91] providing liaisons for intelligence-sharing along with arms, munitions and expertise.[92]
In the
In November 2014, Shia and Kurdish forces under Soleimani's command pushed ISIL out of the Iraqi villages of Jalawla and Saadia in the Diyala Governorate.[86][94][95]
Soleimani played an integral role in the organization and planning of the crucial operation to
In 2016, photos published by a Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) source showed Soleimani attending a meeting of PMF commanders in Iraq to discuss the
CIA chief Mike Pompeo said he sent Soleimani and other Iranian leaders a letter holding them responsible for any attacks on U.S. interests by forces under their control. According to Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani, a senior aide for Iran's supreme leader, Soleimani ignored the letter when it was handed over to him during the Abu Kamal offensive against ISIL, saying "I will not take your letter nor read it and I have nothing to say to these people."[97][98]
Political career
In 1999, Soleimani, along with other senior IRGC commanders, signed a letter to then-President
Iranian media reported in 2012 that he might be replaced as the commander of Quds Force in order to allow him to run in the
In the summer of 2018, Soleimani and Tehran exchanged public remarks with American President Donald Trump related to Red Sea shipping which heightened tensions between the two countries and their allies in the region.[103]
Masoud Barzani, who is the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq, claimed Soleimani supported the US invasion of Iraq as a "great victory" for Iran.[104]
Sanctions
In March 2007, Soleimani was included on a list of Iranian individuals targeted with sanctions in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747.[105] On 18 May 2011, he was sanctioned again by the U.S. along with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and other senior Syrian officials due to his alleged involvement in providing material support to the Syrian government.[46]
In 2007, the U.S. included him in a "Designation of Iranian Entities and Individuals for Proliferation Activities and Support for Terrorism", which forbade U.S. citizens from doing business with him.[50][106] The list, published in the EU's Official Journal on 24 June 2011, also included a Syrian property firm, an investment fund and two other enterprises accused of funding the Syrian government. The list also included Mohammad Ali Jafari and Hossein Taeb.[107]
On 24 June 2011, the
On 13 November 2018, the U.S. sanctioned an Iraqi military leader named Shibl Muhsin 'Ubayd Al-Zaydi and others who allegedly were acting on Soleimani's behalf in financing military actions in Syria or otherwise providing support for terrorism in the region.[111]
Public image in Iran
Iranian propaganda
Soleimani cultivated public relations and a personality cult that formed part of his image.[112][113][114] After his death, the Iranian propaganda campaign intensified efforts in coordinating positive international public opinion toward Soleimani. These efforts included using state-run TV channels and several social media accounts, a large proportion of which had newly been created, and posting images such as heroic, "noble warrior" depictions of Soleimani, appealing to both nationalists and religious conservatives.[115][116][117][118][119][120][121] It is believed by many that these measures have been at least partially successful, arguing that even some American outlets were biased.[122][123][124][125]
Popularity in Iran
According to a poll conducted in collaboration with IranPoll for the University of Maryland School of Public Policy, by October 2019 Soleimani was viewed favorably by 82% of Iranians with 59% of them very favorable toward him.[29] He was often considered the second most powerful person and general in Iran, behind Ayatollah Khamenei.[16][17][126] Since the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), in which Iran was attacked by Saddam Hussein's Iraq and also felt attacked by other countries which sided with Iraq,[127] including the U.S., which supplied weapons and intelligence to Iraq,[128] Soleimani had developed into an architect of Iran's foreign policies in the Middle East[16][129][130] and a key figure behind Iran's foreign and defence policies.[16]
Following the downing of Flight 752 and the Mahsa Protest, his popularity experienced a swift decline as his involvement in the crackdown and killing of protesters in the past decade and other war crimes came to light.[131][132][133] Consequently, after his assassination, people began to humorously refer to him as "Kotelt" (a Persian term for "cutlet"), drawing a connection between his smashed and mutilated body after the drone strike and the minced meat used in making cutlets.[134][135]
Assassination
Soleimani was assassinated on 3 January 2020 around 1:00 a.m. local time (22:00 UTC 2 January),
Soleimani was on his way to meet Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi and had just left his plane, which arrived in Iraq from Lebanon or Syria.[148][149] Adil Abdul Mahdi said Soleimani was bringing Iran's response to a letter that Iraq had sent out on behalf of Saudi Arabia in order to ease tensions between the two countries in the region. The prime minister did not reveal the message's exact content.[150] Also assassinated were four members of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), including Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the Iraqi military commander who headed the PMF.[151] Soleimani's body was identified using a ring he wore on his finger.[152]
Soleimani was posthumously promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General
According to the
U.S. decision-making
CNBC reported that the U.S. had been in pursuit of the general for decades.
The U.S. Defense Department said the strike was carried out "at the direction of the President" and asserted that Soleimani had been planning further attacks on American diplomats and military personnel and had approved the attacks on the American embassy in Baghdad in response to U.S. airstrikes in Iraq and Syria on 29 December 2019, and that the strike was meant to deter future attacks.[164][165] As part of the administration's changing justification for the strike, a national security adviser asserted that Soleimani had intended further attacks on American diplomats and troops,[166] and Mark Esper asserted the general had been expected to mastermind an attack within days.[167] Trump stated in a Fox News interview that four embassies, including the U.S. embassy in Baghdad, had been targeted; Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said it was not known where or when the attacks would have taken place.[168]
Legal status of the assassination
The strike was not approved by the U.S. Congress or consented to by the Iraqi government, leading to controversy regarding the legality of killing an Iranian military leader over Iraqi airspace.[169]
An arrest warrant was issued by an Iraqi court for President Donald Trump in connection with the killing of Soleimani. The arrest warrant was for a charge of premeditated murder, which carries the death penalty on conviction.[170]
Under U.S. law
On 14 February 2020, in a legally required unclassified memorandum to Congress,[171] the Trump administration said it was authorized under both the Constitution and the 2002 Authorization of Use of Military Force Against Iraq.
However, the Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Engel said "The 2002 authorization was passed to deal with Saddam Hussein. This law had nothing to do with Iran or Iranian government officials in Iraq. To suggest that 18 years later this authorization could justify killing an Iranian official stretches the law far beyond anything Congress ever intended," adding that he "looked forward" to Pompeo testifying in a 28 February hearing.[172]
Under international law
The United States, as a member of the United Nations, has ratified the
Callamard also concluded that the killing sets an alarming precedent—it was the first targeted drone killing of a senior foreign government official on the territory of a third country. The world now faced "the very real prospect that states may opt to 'strategically' eliminate high-ranking military officials outside the context of a 'known' war, and seek to justify the killing on the grounds of the target's classification as a 'terrorist' who posed a potential future threat," Callamard said in her report. Also, she noted that scores of countries and many non-state actors now have operational drones, and that drones kill many non-combatants for every person targeted.[173]
Reaction
According to
Analysts Ali Vaez and
The
UK Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab, however, backed the strike, describing the American action as self-defense.[185]
According to a Meta (then Facebook) spokesperson, Instagram and its parent company Meta (then Facebook) are removing posts "that voice support for slain Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani to comply with U.S. sanctions."[186]
In June 2020, Iran placed an arrest warrant for President Donald Trump, with an Iranian prosecutor saying Trump and 35 others "faced murder and terrorism charges" over the killing of Soleimani.[187]
Iran's Foreign Minister
Some activists living out of reach of the Iranian authorities, such as Saghar Erica Kasraie, Reza Alijani, and Masih Alinejad, condemned Soleimani.[189][190][191] Some Iranians mourning for the dead of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 less than a week after his death called him a murderer and tore up his pictures during the protests.[192][193][194] BBC reported that "the protests were, however, far smaller than the mass demonstrations across Iran in support of Soleimani".[193]
Ismail Haniyeh described Soleimani as "the martyr of Jerusalem" in a speech pronounced in Tehran during his funeral.[195][196]
Funeral and burial
On 4 January, a funeral procession for Soleimani was held in Baghdad with thousands of mourners in attendance, waving Iraqi and militia flags
On 6 January, the body of Soleimani and other casualties arrived at the Iranian capital
Retaliation
On 7 January 2020, the
The next day, the Iranian military responded to Soleimani's death by
Execution of spy
On 20 July 2020, it was reported by Iranian state television that Mahmoud Mousavi Majd had been executed following his conviction for providing information to the US and Israel about Soleimani and the Quds Force.[224]
Anniversary
On 3 January 2021, the first anniversary was marked of Qassem Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis in Baghdad.[225] Tens of thousands of Iran-back militias marched on the highway leading to the Baghdad airport while chanting anti-American slogans.[226]
There have been held commemoration ceremonies by the name of "Commemoration-Ceremony (Anniversary) of Martyr Qassem-Soleimani" (and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis) in presence and virtually (via web conferencing) in the cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran[227][228][229] and several countries, such as Oman, Iraq, Syria and Portugal.[230][231][232][233][234][235]
According to Fars News Agency, the anniversary of the commemoration of Qasem Soleimani, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis and their colleagues was held with the presence of local and foreign officials in University of Tehran, Iran.[236][237]
On 3 January 2024, an
Cultural depictions and legacy
In 2015, the British magazine The Week featured a cartoon of Soleimani in bed with Uncle Sam, which alluded to both sides' fighting ISIL.[240]
The 2016 movie Bodyguard, directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia, was inspired by Soleimani's activities.[241]
The 2016 Persian book Noble Comrades 17: Hajj Qassem, written by Ali Akbari Mozdabadi, contains memoirs of Qassem Soleimani.[242] In 2017, a computer-animated film, Battle of Persian Gulf II, where Soleimani is portrayed as the hero of the film.[243]
Resalat Expressway in Tehran was renamed "Shahid Sardar Qasem Soleimani" in his honor.[244]
Shortly after his death, various representations of Qasem Soleimani appeared in many wall paintings and propaganda posters in Iran.[245] Since then, his portrait has become more and more an integral part of the iconographic representation of the Islamic Republic.[citation needed]
In August 2020, Iran unveiled a new ballistic missile named Martyr Haj Qasem and a new cruise missile named Martyr Abu Mahdi after Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the Iraqi commander killed alongside Soleimani.[246][247]
"Shahid Soleimani Plan" (also "Martyr Soleimani Project") is the name of a complementary project to fight
During Mahsa Protests, his pictures, banners featuring him, and also his statutes were targeted, burned and crushed by angry protesters as his involvement in the crackdown and killing of protesters in the past decade and other war crimes came to light.[256][257][258]
On 2 October 2023, the AFC called off a match between Iranian side Sepahan and Saudi side Al-Ittihad in Isfahan after Al-Ittihad refused to take the pitch when their requests for a bust of Soleimani to be removed were refused.[259]
Awards and decorations
Order of Zolfaghar | Order of Fath (1st class) | Order of Fath (2nd class) | Order of Fath (3rd class) |
On 13 January 2020, Syrian Minister of Defense Ali Abdullah Ayyoub presented the medal of "The Champion of the Syrian Arab Republic", which President Bashar al-Assad granted posthumously to Qassem Soleimani, to his Iranian counterpart, Amir Hatami.[260]
See also
- Haj Qasem (missile)
- List of assassinations by the United States
- List of Iranian two-star generals since 1979
- List of Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War
- List of commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
- Mohsen Hojaji
Notes
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- ^ العماد أيوب يقدم وسام بطل الجمهورية الممنوح من الرئيس الأسد للشهيد سليماني لوزير الدفاع الإيراني. S a N A (in Arabic). 13 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
Bibliography
- Azizi, Arash (2020). The Shadow Commander: Soleimani, the US, and Iran's Global Ambitions. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-945-9.
External links
- Washington Post, 8 June 2008
- Martin Chulov, Qassem Suleimani: the Iranian general 'secretly running' Iraq, The Guardian, 28 July 2011
- Dexter Filkins, The Shadow Commander, The New Yorker, 30 September 2013
- Ali Mamouri, The Enigma of Qasem Soleimani And His Role in Iraq, Al-Monitor, 13 October 2013
- BBC Radio 4 Profile