Qattara Depression

Coordinates: 30°0′N 27°30′E / 30.000°N 27.500°E / 30.000; 27.500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Qattara (disambiguation).

Qattara Depression
Primary inflows
Groundwater
Primary outflowsEvaporation
Basin countriesEgypt
Max. length300 kilometres (190 mi)
Max. width135 kilometres (84 mi)
Surface area19,605 square kilometres (7,570 sq mi)
Average depth−60 metres (−200 ft)
Max. depth−133 metres (−436 ft)
Water volume1,213 cubic kilometres (291 cu mi)
SettlementsQara Oasis
References[1][2]

The Qattara Depression (

Matruh Governorate. The depression is part of the Western Desert of Egypt
. The Qattara Depression lies below sea level, and its bottom is covered with
sand dunes, and salt marshes. The depression extends between the latitudes of 28°35' and 30°25' north and the longitudes of 26°20' and 29°02' east.[3]

The Qattara Depression was created by the interplay of salt weathering and wind erosion. Some 20 kilometres (10 mi) west of the depression lie the oases of

Jaghbub in Libya
in smaller but similar depressions.

The Qattara Depression contains the second lowest point in Africa at an elevation of 133 metres (436 ft) below sea level, the lowest point being Lake Assal in Djibouti. The depression covers about 19,605 square kilometres (7,570 sq mi), a size comparable with Lake Ontario or twice as large as Lebanon. Due to its size and proximity to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, studies have been made proposing to flood the area for various usages, such as the potential to generate hydroelectricity there.

Geography

Map of the Qattara Depression.
Lower left bound: 28°36'30.74"N 26°14'31.08"E.
Upper right bound: 30°31'1.74"N 29° 8'51.83"E.

The Qattara Depression has the shape of a teardrop, with its point facing east and the broad deep area facing southwest. The northern side of the depression is characterised by steep escarpments up to 280 m (920 ft) high, marking the edge of the adjacent El Diffa plateau. To the south the depression slopes gently up to the

Great Sand Sea
.

Within the Depression are salt marshes, under the northwestern and northern escarpment edges, and extensive dry lake beds that flood occasionally. The marshes occupy approximately 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), although wind-blown sands are encroaching in some areas. About a quarter of the region is occupied by dry lakes composed of hard crust and sticky mud, and occasionally filled with water.

The depression was initiated by either wind or fluvial erosion in the late

Quaternary Period the dominant mechanism was a combination of salt weathering and wind erosion working together. First, the salts break up the depression floor, then the wind blows away the resulting sands. This process is less effective in the eastern part of the depression, due to lower salinity groundwater.[4]

Ecology

View of the Qattara Depression
Sand dunes in the Qattara Depression
Northwestern escarpment edge of the Qattara Depression; left: the El Diffa Plateau

Groves of umbrella thorn acacia (Vachellia tortilis), growing in shallow sandy depressions, and Phragmites swamps represent the only permanent vegetation. The acacia groves vary widely in biodiversity and rely on runoff from rainfall and groundwater to survive. The Moghra Oasis in the northeastern part of the Depression has a 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) brackish lake and a Phragmites swamp.[5][6]

The southwestern corner of the depression is part of the Siwa Protected Area which protects the wild oasis in and around the Siwa Oasis.

The Depression is an important habitat for the cheetah, with the largest number of recent sightings being in areas in the northern, western and northwestern part of the Qattara Depression, including the highly isolated, wild oases of Ain EI Qattara and Ein EI Ghazzalat and numerous acacia groves both inside and outside the depression.[7]

scrubland, wild palm groves and Desmostachya bipinnata grassland.[7]

Other common fauna include the Cape hare (Lepus capensis), Egyptian jackal (Canis aureus hupstar), sand fox (Vulpes rueppelli) and more rarely the fennec fox (Vulpes zerda). Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) were once common here but now they are few in number.

Extinct species from the area include the scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah), addax (Addax nasomaculatus) and bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus).[8] Also the Droseridites baculatus, an extinct plant known only from fossils of its pollen, was found at the Ghazalat-1 Well.[9]

Climate

The climate of the Qattara Depression is highly

precipitation between 25 and 50 mm (0.98 and 1.97 in) on the northern rim to less than 25 mm (0.98 in) in the south of the depression. The average daily temperature varies between 36.2 to 6.2 °C (97.2 to 43.2 °F) during summer and winter months. The prevailing wind forms a largely bimodal regime with most wind coming from north easterly and westerly directions. This causes the linear dune formations in the Western desert between the Qattara Depression and the Nile valley. Wind speeds peak in March at 11.5 m/s (26 mph) and minimal in December at 3.2 m/s (7.2 mph).[4]
The average wind speed is about 5 to 6 m/s (11 to 13 mph).[10] Several days each year in the months March to May khamsin winds blow in from the south and bringing extremely high temperatures as well as sand and dust with them.

Land use

There is one permanent settlement in the Qattara Depression, the Qara Oasis. The oasis is located in the westernmost part of the depression and is inhabited by about 300 people.[11] The Depression is also inhabited by the nomadic Bedouin people and their flocks, with the uninhabited Moghra Oasis being important in times of water scarcity during the dry seasons.

The Qattara Depression contains many oil concessions, and several operational

Apache Corporation
.

History

Measurement

The elevation of the depression was first measured in 1917 by an officer of the British Army leading a light car patrol into the region. The officer took readings of the height of the terrain with an

Bahariya. He confirmed the earlier readings and proved the presence of a huge area below sea level, with places as deep as 133 m (436 ft) below sea level.[3]

Knowledge about the geology of the Qattara Depression was greatly extended by

Ford Model-Ts) which used special techniques for driving in desert conditions. These techniques were an important asset of the Long Range Desert Group which Bagnold founded in 1940.[12]

After the discovery of the depression, Ball published the triangulation findings about the region in October 1927 in The Geographical Journal. He also gave the region its name "Qattara" after the spring Ain EI Qattara where the first readings were taken. The name literally means "dripping" in Arabic. Six years later in 1933, Ball was the first to publish a proposal for flooding the region to generate hydroelectric power in his article "The Qattara Depression of the Libyan Desert and the possibility of its utilisation for power-production".[3]

World War II

During

outflanked to the south. Both Axis and Allied forces built their defences in a line from the Mediterranean Sea to the Qattara Depression. These defences became known as the Devil's gardens
, and they are for the most part still there, especially the extensive minefields.

No large army units entered the Depression, although German Afrika Korps patrols and the British Long Range Desert Group did operate in the area, since these small units had considerable experience in desert travel.[12][13] The RAF's repair and salvage units (e.g. 58 RSU) used a route through the depression to salvage or recover aircraft that had landed or crashed in the Western desert away from the coastal plain.

The RSUs included six-wheel-drive trucks, Coles cranes, and large trailers, and were particularly active from mid-1941 when

Air Vice-Marshal G.G. Dawson arrived in Egypt to address the lack of serviceable aircraft.[14]

A German communications officer stationed in the depression was cited by Gordon Welchman as being unintentionally helpful in the breaking of the Enigma machine code, due to his regular transmissions stating there was "nothing to report".[15]

Qattara Depression Project

Main article: Qattara Depression Project

The large size of the Qattara Depression and the fact that it falls to a depth of 133 m (436 ft) below mean sea level has led to several proposals to create a massive

Aswan High Dam. This project is known as the Qattara Depression Project. The proposals call for a large canal or tunnel being excavated from the Qattara due north of 55 to 80 kilometres (34 to 50 mi) depending on the route chosen to the Mediterranean Sea to bring seawater into the area.[16]

An alternative plan involved running a 320-kilometre (200 mi) pipeline northeast to the

Nile River at Rosetta.[17][18] Water would flow into a series of water penstocks
which would generate electricity by releasing the water at 60 m (200 ft) below sea level. Because the Qattara Depression is in a very hot dry region with very little cloud cover, the water released at the −70 metres (−230 ft) level would spread out from the release point across the basin and evaporate from solar influx. Because of evaporation, more water can flow into the depression, thus forming a continual source of power. Eventually this would result in a hypersaline lake or a salt pan as the water would evaporate and leave behind the salt that it contained.

Plans to use the Qattara Depression for the generation of electricity date back to 1912 from Berlin geographer

Dwight Eisenhower that peace in the Middle East could be achieved by flooding the Qattara Depression. The resulting lagoon, according to the CIA, would have four benefits:[21]

In the 1970s and early 1980s, several proposals to flood the area were made by

Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. The Egyptian government turned down the idea.[22]

Planning experts and scientists intermittently put forward potentially viable options, whether of a tunnel or canal, as an economic, ecological, and energy solution in Egypt, often coupled with the idea of new settlements.[22][23][24]

References

  1. ^ Dr. Andrew, J. 2007. Report on the Qattara Depression [permanent dead link] CIAT Land Use project
  2. JSTOR 1785898
    .
  3. ^ a b c El Bassyony, Abdou. 1995. "Introduction to the geology of the Qattara Depression," International Conference on the Studies and Achievements of Geosciences in Egypt, 69 (85-eoa)
  4. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00152-0
    .
  5. ISBN 2-88032-949-3
    .
  6. ^ Nora Berrahmouni and Burgess, Neil. 2001. "Saharan halophytics". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  7. ^
    S2CID 84527196
    .
  8. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003394
    .
  9. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00135-2
    .
  10. ^ Mortensen, N. G.; Said, U.S.; Badger, J. (2006). Wind Atlas for Egypt: Measurements, Micro- and Mesoscale Modeling. New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
  11. ^ Kjeilen, Tore Looklex report on the Qara oasis Archived 14 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, date unknown
  12. ^
    JSTOR 1784992
    .
  13. ^ Jorgensen, C. (2003). Rommel's panzers: Rommel and the Panzer forces of the Blitzkrieg, 1940–1942 (pp. 78–79). St. Paul, MN: MBI.
  14. ^ Richards, D., Saunders, H. (1975). Royal Air Force 1939-45 Vol II (pp 160-167). Stationery Office Books
  15. ISBN 9780873327312
    .
  16. ^ Ragheb, M. 2010. Pumped Storage Qattara Depression Solar Hydroelectric Power Generation.pdf "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Published on 28 October 2010.
  17. ^ Mahmoud, Mohamed. The River Nile - Qattara Depression Pipeline, June 2009
  18. ^ User:TGCP Great Circle Mapper - Rosetta to Qattara, 2011
  19. ISBN 92-808-0858-3. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 25 April 2012.
  20. JSTOR 1781881
    .
  21. ^ MI: Gale. 2009. Farmington Hills, CIA Suggestions, Document Number CK3100127026. Reproduced in "Declassified Documents Reference System"
  22. ^
    ISBN 978-3-642-14778-4
    .
  23. doi:10.1080/00908318908908939
    .
  24. ^ Kelada, Maher. Global Hyper Saline Power Generation Qattara Depression Potential MIK Technology

Further reading

External links

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