Quadrupedalism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Quadrupedal
)
Not to be confused with tetrapod.
The zebra is a quadruped.

Quadrupedalism is a form of

invertebrates
.

Quadrupeds vs. tetrapods

Although the words ‘quadruped’ and ‘tetrapod’ are both derived from terms meaning ‘four-footed’, they have distinct meanings. A

Tetrapoda (which is defined by descent from a specific four-limbed ancestor), whereas a quadruped actually uses four limbs for locomotion. Not all tetrapods are quadrupeds and not all entities that could be described as ‘quadrupedal’ are tetrapods. This last meaning includes certain artificial objects; almost all quadruped organisms are tetrapods (with the exception of some raptorial arthropods adapted for four-footed locomotion, such as the Mantodea
).

The distinction between quadrupeds and tetrapods is important in

vestigial
or lost entirely, are, nevertheless, tetrapods.

In infants and for exercise

Main article: Crawling (human)

Quadrupedalism is sometimes referred to as being "on all fours", and is observed in crawling, especially by infants.[1]

In the 20th century quadrupedal movement was popularized as a form of physical exercise by

Georges Hebert.[2] Kenichi Ito is a Japanese man famous for speed running on four limbs in competitions.[3]

Other human quadrupedalism

Quadrupedalism in an
Iraqi Kurdish
family

In July 2005, in rural

chimpanzees, which ambulate on their knuckles, the Ulas family walked on their palms, allowing them to preserve the dexterity of their fingers.[4][5][6]

Quadrupedal robots

Harvard University Concord Field Station.[7]

Also by NASA JPL, in collaboration with University of California, Santa Barbara Robotics Lab, is RoboSimian, with emphasis on stability and deliberation. It has been demonstrated at the DARPA Robotics Challenge.[8]

Pronograde posture

A related concept to quadrupedalism is pronogrady, or having a horizontal posture of the trunk. Although nearly all quadrupedal animals are pronograde, bipedal animals also have that posture, including many living birds and extinct dinosaurs.[9]

Nonhuman apes with orthograde (vertical) backs may walk quadrupedally in what is called knuckle-walking.[10]

References

  1. ^ Mondschein, Emily R., Karen E. Adolph, and Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda. "Gender bias in mothers' expectations about infant crawling." Journal of experimental child psychology 77.4 (2000): 304–316.
  2. ISBN 978-1-5261-5327-2
    .
  3. ^ Swatman, Rachel (12 November 2015). "Video: Watch Japan's Kenichi Ito scamper to GWR Day success with fastest 100 m running on all fours". Guinness World Records. Tokyo. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015.
  4. ^ "Family Walks on All Fours, May Offer Evolution Insight, Experts Say". National Geographic. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016.
  5. ^ "Science May Finally Explain Why This Family Walks On All Fours". Huffingtonposts. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
  6. PMID 16371500
    .
  7. ^ "BigDog - The Most Advanced Rough-Terrain Robot on Earth". Boston Dynamics. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
  8. ^ "DARPA Robotics Challenge, RoboSimian (Track A)". JPL Robotics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
  9. PMID 25377449
    .
  10. ^ Gebo, Daniel L. (2013). "Primate Locomotion". Nature Education Knowledge. 4 (8): 1.

External links

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