Quanzhou dialects
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Quanzhou | |
---|---|
泉州话 / 泉州話 (Choân-chiu-ōe) | |
Pronunciation | [tsuan˨ tsiu˧ ue˦˩] |
Native to | China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. |
Region | city of Quanzhou, Southern Fujian province |
Native speakers | over 7 million (2008)[1] |
Early forms | |
Han characters | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | chae1235 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jd > 79-AAA-jdb |
Quanzhou dialect |
The Quanzhou dialects (simplified Chinese: 泉州话; traditional Chinese: 泉州話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Choân-chiu-ōe), also rendered Chin-chew or Choanchew,[5] are a collection of Hokkien dialects spoken in southern Fujian (in southeast China), in the area centered on the city of Quanzhou. Due to migration, various Quanzhou dialects are spoken outside of Quanzhou, notably in Taiwan and many Southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.
Classification
The Quanzhou dialects are classified as
Cultural role
Before the 19th century, the dialect of Quanzhou proper was the representative dialect of
Phonology
This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the
Initials
There are 14 phonemic initials, including the
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | /p/ 边 / 邊 |
/ t /地 |
/ts/ 争 / 爭 |
/k/ 求 |
|
aspirated | /pʰ/ 普 |
/tʰ/ 他 |
/tsʰ/ 出 |
/kʰ/ 气 / 氣 |
||
voiced | /b/ 文 |
/ɡ/ 语 / 語 |
||||
Fricative
|
/s/ 时 / 時 |
/h/ 喜 | ||||
Lateral | / l /柳 |
When the rhyme is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [
The inventory of initial consonants in the Quanzhou dialect is identical to the
Rimes
There are 87 rimes:[13][17][18]
/a/ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | /ə/ | /e/ | /ɯ/ | /ai/ | /au/ | ||
/i/ | /ia/ | /io/ | /iu/ | /iau/ | |||||
/u/ | /ua/ | /ue/ | /ui/ | /uai/ |
/m̩/ | /am/ | /əm/ | /an/ | /ŋ̍/ | /aŋ/ | /ɔŋ/ | |
/im/ | /iam/ | /in/ | /ian/ | /iŋ/ | /iaŋ/ | /iɔŋ/ | |
/un/ | /uan/ | /uaŋ/ |
/ã/ | /ɔ̃/ | /ẽ/ | /ãi/ | |||
/ĩ/ | /iã/ | /iũ/ | /iãu/ | |||
/uã/ | /uĩ/ | /uãi/ |
/ap/ | /at/ | /ak/ | /ɔk/ | /aʔ/ | /ɔʔ/ | /oʔ/ | /əʔ/ | /eʔ/ | /ɯʔ/ | /auʔ/ | /m̩ʔ/ | /ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ãʔ/ | /ɔ̃ʔ/ | /ẽʔ/ | /ãiʔ/ | /ãuʔ/ | ||||||
/ip/ | /iap/ | /it/ | /iat/ | /iak/ | /iɔk/ | /iʔ/ | /iaʔ/ | /ioʔ/ | /iauʔ/ | /iuʔ/ | /ĩʔ/ | /iãʔ/ | /iũʔ/ | /iãuʔ/ | |||||||||
/ut/ | /uat/ | /uʔ/ | /uaʔ/ | /ueʔ/ | /uiʔ/ | /uĩʔ/ | /uãiʔ/ |
The actual pronunciation of the vowel /ə/ has a wider opening,[dubious ] approaching [ɤ].[13] For some speakers, especially younger ones, the vowel /ə/ is often realized as [e], e.g. pronouncing 飞 / 飛 (/pə/, "to fly") as [pe], and the vowel /ɯ/ is either realized as [i], e.g. pronouncing 猪 / 豬 (/tɯ/, "pig") as [ti], or as [u], e.g. pronouncing 女 (/lɯ/, "woman") as [lu].[10]
Tones
For single syllables, there are seven tones:[13][19]
Name | Tone letter | Description |
---|---|---|
yin level (阴平; 陰平) | ˧ (33) | mid level |
yang level (阳平; 陽平) | ˨˦ (24) | rising |
yin rising (阴上; 陰上) | ˥˥˦ (554) | high level |
yang rising (阳上; 陽上) | ˨ (22) | low level |
departing (去声; 去聲) | ˦˩ (41) | falling |
yin entering (阴入; 陰入) | ˥ (5) | high |
yang entering (阳入; 陽入) | ˨˦ (24) | rising |
In addition to these tones, there is also a neutral tone.[13]
Tone sandhi
As with other dialects of Hokkien, the tone sandhi rules are applied to every syllable but the final syllable in an utterance. The following is a summary of the rules:[20]
- The yin level (33) and yang rising (22) tones do not undergo tone sandhi.
- The yang level and entering tones (24) are pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
- The yin rising tone (554) is pronounced as the yang level tone (24).
- The departing tone (41) depends on the voicing of the initial consonant in Middle Chinese:
- If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiceless, it is pronounced as the yin rising tone (554).
- If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiced, it is pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
- The yin entering (5) depends on the final consonant:
Notes
References
- ^ Lin 2008, p. 8.
- JSTOR 2718766
- ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. xvii.
- ^ Zhou 2012, p. 111.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Ding 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Cheng 1999, p. 241.
- ^ a b c Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, overview.
- ^ Lin 2008, p. 9.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e f Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- ^ a b c Zhou 2006, introduction, p. 15.
- ^ Du 2013, p. 142.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. 610.
- ^ Zhou 2006, introduction, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Lin 2008, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Zhou 2006, introduction, p. 17.
- ^ Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 2000, ch. 1, sec. 2.
Sources
- Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1999). "Quantitative Studies in Min Dialects". In Ting, Pang-Hsin (ed.). Contemporary Studies in Min Dialects. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis. pp. 229–246. JSTOR 23833469.
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
- Douglas, Rev. Carstairs (1873). Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner & Co.
- Du, Xiao-ping (2013). 从《厦英大辞典》看泉州方言语音100多年来的演变 [The Phonetic Changes of Quanzhou Dialect in the Recent 100 Years from the Perspective of Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy]. Journal of Huaqiao University (Philosophy & Social Sciences) (in Chinese) (4): 141–145.
- Huang, Diancheng, ed. (1998). 福建省志·方言志 (in Chinese). Beijing: 方言出版社. ISBN 7-80122-279-2.
- Lin, Huadong (2008). 泉州方言研究 (in Chinese). Xiamen: Xiamen University Press. ISBN 9787561530030.
- Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (2000). 泉州市志 [Quanzhou Annals] (in Chinese). Vol. 50: 方言. Beijing: China Society Science Publishing House. ISBN 7-5004-2700-X.
- ISBN 7-211-03896-9.
- Zhou, Changji (2012). B1—15、16 闽语. 中国语言地图集 [ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
External links
- 當代泉州音字彙, a dictionary of Quanzhou speech