Quanzhou dialects

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Quanzhou
泉州话 / 泉州話 (Choân-chiu-ōe)
Pronunciation[tsuan˨ tsiu˧ ue˦˩]
Native toChina, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.
Regioncity of Quanzhou, Southern Fujian province
Native speakers
over 7 million (2008)[1]
Early forms
Han characters
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottologchae1235
Linguasphere79-AAA-jd > 79-AAA-jdb
  Quanzhou dialect

The Quanzhou dialects (simplified Chinese: 泉州话; traditional Chinese: 泉州話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Choân-chiu-ōe), also rendered Chin-chew or Choanchew,[5] are a collection of Hokkien dialects spoken in southern Fujian (in southeast China), in the area centered on the city of Quanzhou. Due to migration, various Quanzhou dialects are spoken outside of Quanzhou, notably in Taiwan and many Southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.

Classification

The Quanzhou dialects are classified as

Zhangzhou dialect.[9]

Cultural role

Before the 19th century, the dialect of Quanzhou proper was the representative dialect of

southern Fujian, the Amoy dialect gradually took the place of the Quanzhou dialect as the representative dialect.[10][11] However, the Quanzhou dialect is still considered to be the standard dialect for Liyuan opera and nanyin music.[10][12]

Phonology

This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the

Licheng District
.

Initials

There are 14 phonemic initials, including the

zero initial (not included below):[13]

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
plain sibilant
Plosive/
Affricate
plain /p/
边 / 邊
/
t
/

/ts/
争 / 爭
/k/
aspirated /pʰ/
/tʰ/
/tsʰ/
/kʰ/
气 / 氣
voiced /b/
/ɡ/
语 / 語
Fricative
/s/
时 / 時
/h/
Lateral /
l
/

When the rhyme is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /ɡ/ are realized as the nasal stops [

n] and [ŋ], respectively.[13]

The inventory of initial consonants in the Quanzhou dialect is identical to the

l/, showing that the merger is a recent innovation.[14]

Rimes

There are 87 rimes:[13][17][18]

Rimes without codas (18)
/a/ /ɔ/ /o/ /ə/ /e/ /ɯ/ /ai/ /au/
/i/ /ia/ /io/ /iu/ /iau/
/u/ /ua/ /ue/ /ui/ /uai/
Rimes with nasal codas (17)
// /am/ /əm/ /an/ /ŋ̍/ /aŋ/ /ɔŋ/
/im/ /iam/ /in/ /ian/ /iŋ/ /iaŋ/ /iɔŋ/
/un/ /uan/ /uaŋ/
Nasalized rimes without codas (11)
/ã/ /ɔ̃/ // /ãi/
/ĩ/ /iã/ /iũ/ /iãu/
/uã/ /uĩ/ /uãi/
Checked rimes (41)
/ap/ /at/ /ak/ /ɔk/ /aʔ/ /ɔʔ/ /oʔ/ /əʔ/ /eʔ/ /ɯʔ/ /auʔ/ /m̩ʔ/ /ŋ̍ʔ/ /ãʔ/ /ɔ̃ʔ/ /ẽʔ/ /ãiʔ/ /ãuʔ/
/ip/ /iap/ /it/ /iat/ /iak/ /iɔk/ /iʔ/ /iaʔ/ /ioʔ/ /iauʔ/ /iuʔ/ /ĩʔ/ /iãʔ/ /iũʔ/ /iãuʔ/
/ut/ /uat/ /uʔ/ /uaʔ/ /ueʔ/ /uiʔ/ /uĩʔ/ /uãiʔ/

The actual pronunciation of the vowel /ə/ has a wider opening,[dubious ] approaching [ɤ].[13] For some speakers, especially younger ones, the vowel /ə/ is often realized as [e], e.g. pronouncing / (/pə/, "to fly") as [pe], and the vowel /ɯ/ is either realized as [i], e.g. pronouncing / (/tɯ/, "pig") as [ti], or as [u], e.g. pronouncing (/lɯ/, "woman") as [lu].[10]

Tones

For single syllables, there are seven tones:[13][19]

Name Tone letter Description
yin level (阴平; 陰平) ˧ (33) mid level
yang level (阳平; 陽平) ˨˦ (24) rising
yin rising (阴上; 陰上) ˥˥˦ (554) high level
yang rising (阳上; 陽上) ˨ (22) low level
departing (去声; 去聲) ˦˩ (41) falling
yin entering (阴入; 陰入) ˥ (5) high
yang entering (阳入; 陽入) ˨˦ (24) rising

In addition to these tones, there is also a neutral tone.[13]

Tone sandhi

As with other dialects of Hokkien, the tone sandhi rules are applied to every syllable but the final syllable in an utterance. The following is a summary of the rules:[20]

  • The yin level (33) and yang rising (22) tones do not undergo tone sandhi.
  • The yang level and entering tones (24) are pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
  • The yin rising tone (554) is pronounced as the yang level tone (24).
  • The departing tone (41) depends on the voicing of the initial consonant in Middle Chinese:
    • If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiceless, it is pronounced as the yin rising tone (554).
    • If the Middle Chinese initial consonant is voiced, it is pronounced as the yang rising tone (22).
  • The yin entering (5) depends on the final consonant:

Notes

  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

References

Sources

External links