Quillaja saponaria
| Soap bark tree | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Quillajaceae |
| Genus: | Quillaja |
| Species: | Q. saponaria
|
| Binomial name | |
| Quillaja saponaria | |
Quillaja saponaria, the soap bark tree or soapbark, is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae, native to warm temperate central Chile. In Chile it occurs from 32 to 40° South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m (6500 ft) above sea level. It can grow to 15–20 m (50–65 ft) in height. The tree has thick, dark bark; smooth, leathery, shiny, oval evergreen leaves 3–5 cm long; white star-shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs; and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10–20 seeds. The tree has several practical and commercial uses.
Habitat
This tree occurs at elevations up to 2000 metres.
The plant has been introduced as an ornamental in California, and has been acclimatized in Spain but are rarely cultivated there.
Etymology
Quillaja is derived from the Chilean vernacular name for this species, culay.[4]
Saponaria means 'soap-like'.[4]
Uses
The wood is used in cabinetry, and scents derived from the tree are used in perfumes and cosmetics. The inner bark of Quillaja saponaria can be reduced to powder and employed as a substitute for
.
Uses of the Saponins
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Soap bark tree has a long history of medicinal use with the
The saponins in Quillaja Extract are also used as the active ingredient in commercial pesticides to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and nematodes in ornamental plants, food crops and turfgrass.[6][7]
The saponins of this tree are also considered to have
References
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora, 2009
- ^ J. Taylor. 1990.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008
- ^ ISBN 9780521685535(paperback). pp 324, 340
- ^ a b Chevallier, A., The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, 1996
- ^ Office of Pesticide Programs. "Quillaja Saponaria". US EPA. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ "Saponins of Quillaja saponaria (097095) Fact Sheet" (PDF). US EPA. 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ a b Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, page 193
- S2CID 195071144.
- ^ Magnusson, Sofia E et al. “Matrix-M™ adjuvant enhances immunogenicity of both protein- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza vaccines in mice.” Immunologic research vol. 66,2 (2018): 224-233. doi:10.1007/s12026-018-8991-x
- ^ Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89.3% Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial. Novavax Press Release, Jan 28, 2021.
- ^ https://ca.gsk.com/media/6988/arexvy.pdf
Sources
- C. Donoso. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guía de reconocimiento. Edición 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 136p.
- Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora. 2009. Quillaja saponaria
- Adriana Hoffmann. 1998. Flora Silvestre de Chile, Zona Central. Edición 4. Fundación Claudio Gay, Santiago. 254p.
- C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- J. Taylor. 1990. The Milder Garden. Dent
- Chevallier, Andrew, 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, Dorling Kindersley, 336p.
- Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 457 pp.
External links
- "Quillaja saponaria". Encyclopedia of Chilean Flora. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Quillaja Extracts". Quillaja Extract products and more info. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- "Quillaja saponaria pictures". Chilebosque. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Quillaja saponaria in Barcelona, Catalonya, Spain". Jardí Botànic de Barcelona. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Soapbark tree widely cultivated in California and Chemical benefits". Drug Information Online. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Soap-bark". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
