Qutb Shahi dynasty
Qtub Shahi Dynasty of Golconda | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1518–1687 | |||||||||||||
Flag of the Qutb Shahis | |||||||||||||
Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah | |||||||||||||
• 1580-1612 | Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1612-1626 | Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1626–1672 | Abdullah Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1672-1686 | Abul Hasan Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 1518 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1687 | ||||||||||||
Currency | Mohur | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Qutb Shahi dynasty (
In 1636,
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of
History
The dynasty's founder,
The early Qutb Shahi sultans prohibited Hindus from observing their religious festivals, states Annemarie Schimmel – a scholar of Islamic studies. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611), who was a more tolerant ruler, the Hindus were allowed to observe their religious festivals like Diwali and Holi in the open.[21] Later Sultans such as Tana Shah, appointed Brahmin Hindus such as Madanna and Akkanna as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. However, this led to significant factionalism between the Muslim elites and the rising power of the Brahmin Hindus. The Muslim faction reached out to Aurangzeb, who sent a regiment led by his son to attack Golconda. They beheaded Madanna and Akkanna, along with plundering the property and killing many more Hindus in administrative positions of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Shortly thereafter, the last Sultan of the dynasty was jailed in Daulatabad by Aurangzeb, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end.
Golconda, and with the construction of the
Economy
The Golconda Sultanate was notoriously wealthy. While its primary source of revenue was a land tax,
Cotton-Weaving
During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and export consumption. High-quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available in white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. The patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.[27] Golconda had a strong trading relationship with Ayutthaya Siam.[28]
Diamonds
The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the Golconda diamonds. These diamonds were sought after diamonds long before the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to power, and they continued to supply this demand through European traders.[29]
Diamonds from mines (especially the Kollur Mine presently in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh) were transported to the city of Hyderabad to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. Golconda established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.[30]
Culture
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of
Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu.[8] Subsequent poets and writers, however, wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages.[8] During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah in 1634 AD, an ancient Sanskrit text on love and sex Ratirahasya by Kokkoka was translated into Persian and named Lazzat-un-Nisa (Flavors of the Woman).[31]
Architecture
The Qutb Shahi architecture was Indo-Islamic, a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles.[32] Their style was very similar to that of the other Deccan Sultanates. The Qutb Shahi rulers built the Char Minar.[8]
Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the
Administration
The Qutb Shahi Kingdom was a highly centralized state. The sultan enjoyed absolute executive judicial and military powers. When he was away, a regent carried to carry on the administration on behalf of the king. The Peshwa (Prime Minister) was the highest official of the sultanate. He was assisted by a number of ministers, including Mir Jumla (finance minister), Kotwal (police commissioner), and Khazanadar (treasurer).[citation needed]
For most of their reign, the Qutb Shahi sultanate had a system of jagirs, who would provide troops as well as collect taxes. They were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes and give the sultan the rest. Tax collection was through auction farms, and the highest bidder used to get the Governorship. While the Governors enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle, they had to bear the brunt of severe punishments for default, consequently, they were harsh on the people.[27] Tana Shah – the last Sultan, with advice from his Brahmin ministers responsible for tax collection, introduced a reform whereby all taxes were collected by civil professionals for a region. The soldiers, government workers, court officials and all the Muslim elites were paid allowances from the Sultan's treasury. These reforms brought a large increase in revenues.
According to Moreland, in the earlier system, the Persian-origin Muslims were paid the highest, then the other Indian Muslims. In early 17th century, the Persian origin Muslims became rich by lending money on high interest (usury) of 4-5% per mensem much to the despair of Hindus.[27]
The Sultanate had 66 forts, and each fort was administered by a Nayak.[34] In the second half of the 17th century, the Qutb Shahi Sultan hired many Hindu Nayaks. According to Kruijtzer, these were mainly Brahmins. According to another account, these were mainly from the Kamma, Velama, Kapu, and Raju warrior castes.[35] They served as civil revenue officers. After the Mughals dismissed the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1687, these Hindu Nayaks were also dismissed and replaced with Muslim military commanders.[36][35][37]
Administrative divisions
SULTANATE
The sultanate in 1670 comprised 21
S.No. | Name of Sarkar
|
Number of Paraganas
|
---|---|---|
1 | Muhammadnagar (Golconda) |
22 |
2 | Medak | 16 |
3 | Melangūr | 3 |
4 | Elangandel | 21 |
5 | Warangal | 16 |
6 | Khammamēṭ | 11 |
7 | Dēvarkoṇḍa | 13 |
8 | Pangal | 5 |
9 | Mustafanagar (Kondapalli) |
24 |
10 | Bhoṇgīr | 11 |
11 | Akarkara | 6 |
12 | Kovilkoṇdā | 13 |
13 | Ghanpura | 8 |
14 | Murtaza Nagar with three tarafs |
39 |
15 | Machilipatnam | 8 |
16 | Ellore | 12 |
17 | Rajahmundry | 24 |
18 | Chicacole (Srikakulam) with 3 tarafs |
115 |
19 | Kaulas | 5 |
20 | Nizampatnam Mahal | 1 |
21 | Karnatak including Arcot taraf (It had 16 sarkars) |
162[40] |
Religion
The Qutb Shahi dynasty, like many Deccan Islamic dynasties, was a Shia Muslim dynasty with roots in Persia (modern Iran). Initially, they were very strict and they persecuted the Hindus who constituted the vast majority of the population. Open practice of Hindu festivals was forbidden in the Golconda Sultanate. It was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah who first reversed this policy, and allowed Hindus to practice their festivals and religion in the open.[41][42]
In the final decades of their rule, the Qutb Shahi dynasty rulers patronized Shia, Sufi, and Sunni Islamic traditions, as well as Hindu traditions. Before their end, Tana Shah advised by Madanna and Akkanna –his Brahmin ministers, began the tradition of sending pearls to the
Rulers
The eight sultans in the dynasty were:
Personal Name | Titular Name | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
From | Until | |||
Sultan Quli سلطان قلی |
Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk
|
1512 | 1543 |
|
Jamsheed جمشید |
Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah | 1543 | 1550 |
|
Subhan سبحان |
Subhan Quli Qutb Shah | 1550 | 1550 |
|
Ibrahim ابراہیم |
Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali | 1550 | 1580 |
|
Muhammad Ali محمد علی |
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah | 1580 | 1612 | |
Sultan Muhammad محمد سلطان |
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah | 1612 | 1626 |
|
Abdullah عبداللہ |
Abdullah Qutb Shah | 1626 | 1672 |
|
Abul Hasan ابُل حسن |
Tana Shah
|
1672 | 1686 |
|
Tombs
The
Family tree
Qara Yusuf c. 1356-1420 Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu R.1389-1420 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jahan Shah 1397/1405-1467 Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu R.1438-1467 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alvand Mirza ?-1470 | Mirza Yusuf ?-1469 Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu R.1468-1469 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pir Quli Beg | Khadija Khatun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uways Quli Beg | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Golconda R.1518-1543 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4. Golconda R.1543-1550 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mirza Muhammad Amin | 5. Golconda R.1550 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6. Golconda R.1612-1626 | Hayat Bakshi Begum ?-1667 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7. Golconda R.1626-1672 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Golconda R.1672-1687 | Badshah Bibi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khuda Banda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Hyderabad Deccan
- Battle of Talikota
References
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.
- S2CID 146630389.
Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye foramina-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual. '06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans.
- ^ Christoph Marcinkowski, Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts, 169-170; "The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital."
- ISBN 978-9-382-57347-0.
The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were Shia Muslims and belonged to a Turkmen tribe.
- ^ Siddiq, Mohd Suleman. "The Da’irat-ul-Ma’arif: A Unique Language Institute of Hyderabad." In Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad, pp. 203-216. Routledge, 2017.
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- ^ a b c d e f Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.
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- ^ a b c C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.
- ^ ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ a b c Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143
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- ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ISBN 9781000641639.
- ^ a b c d George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.
- ^ a b Masʻūd Ḥusain Khān, Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah, Volume 216, (Sahitya Akademi, 1996), 2.
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl, (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), 143; Quote: "[Muhammad Quli ... was an enlightened and tolerant ruler...] Hindus enjoyed good positions at court and were again allowed to celebrate some of their religious festivals, such as Holi and Diwali, prohibited by the previous Muslim kings" – Annemarie Schimmel
- ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.
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- ^ Eaton, R. M. (24 April 2012), "Ḳuṭb Shāhī", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 26 December 2021
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- ^ a b c Moreland, W.H. (1931). Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century. Halyukt Society. pp. 78, 89.
- ^ Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present" (PDF).
- ^ The Market for Golconda Diamonds Has Mushroomed, New York Times
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ Akbar, Syed (5 January 2019). "Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- ^ a b Salma Ahmed Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd, 2011), 181.
- ^ a b Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ISBN 9788123023151. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ a b Chapter III: Economics, Political, Economic, and Social Background of Deccan 17th-18th Century, p.57 Deccan under late 17th-century Qutb Shahi
- ^ Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries, A.D. Department of History, Osmania University. 1996. p. 57.
- ISBN 9788189131043.
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- ISBN 9788185492230.
- ^ a b Haroon Khan Sherwani (1974). "History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty". Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 655.
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl, (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), pp. 141-152
- ^ Islam in South Asia: Practicing tradition today, Karen G. Ruffle, South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today, ed. Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj, (Routledge, 2013), 210.
- ^ Sarma, Mukkamala Radhakrishna; Committee, Osmania University Dept of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology Felicitation; History, Osmania University Dept of (2004). Glimpses of our past--historical researches: festschrift in honour of Prof. Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, former emeritus fellow. Felicitation Committee, Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology & Dept. of History, Osmania University. p. 326.
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Further reading
- Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi.
- Jawed Vashisht, Ghizal-e Raana (A selection of Quli Qutab Shah's ghazals)
- Jawed Vashisht, Roop Ras (Romantic poems of Quli Qutab Shah)
- Jawed Vashisht, Mohammed Quli aur Nabi ka Sadka
- Jawed Vashisht, Dakhni Darpan