Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2008) |
Far East Air Force RAF Changi, Singapore | |
---|---|
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder |
The former Royal Air Force Far East Air Force, more simply known as RAF Far East Air Force, was the Command organisation that controlled all Royal Air Force assets in the east of Asia (Far East). It was originally formed as Air Command, South East Asia in 1943 during the Second World War. In 1946, this was renamed RAF Air Command Far East, and finally Far East Air Force in June 1949.
The command was disbanded on 31 October 1971.
Early history
The RAF's Far East Command was formed in January 1930 and its first officer commanding, Group Captain
The true ancestor of the postwar Far East Air Force was formed on 16 November 1943, under
The four major RAF formations under HQ ACSEA in India and Ceylon at the end of the war were HQ BAFSEA; AHQ Burma; HQ 222 Group at Columbo, controlling all operational squadrons in Ceylon, largely carrying out maritime duties; and 229 Group, a Transport Command group located in New Delhi. 222 Group disbanded by being renamed AHQ Ceylon on 15 October 1945; it inherited six Liberator squadrons (Nos 99, 356, 203, 8, 160, and 321 RNLAF); four Sunderland squadrons (205, 209, 230, and 240); and No. 136 Squadron with Spitfires. After HQ BAFSEA was merged with AHQ India, twelve RAF squadrons (225 Group: Nos 5, 30 at Bhopal, 45 at St Thomas Mount; 227 Group: 298 Squadron at Samungli with a detachment at Chaklala; No. 228 Group RAF: 176, 658 AOP, 355 at Digri, 159 at Salbani; 229 Group: 353 and 232 at Palam; and 10 and 76 with Dakotas at Poona) remained in India after 1 April 1946, and AHQ India was placed under joint command of the Indian Government and the Air Ministry (Lee Eastward 65-69, Appendix B, 261).
No. 223 Group was disbanded at Peshawar by being redesignated No 1 (Indian) Group on 15 August 1945; No. 225 Group disbanded at Hindustan near Bangalore by being redesignated No 2 (Indian) Group on 1 May 1946; No. 226 Group disbanded at Palam on 31 July 1946, with its units being transferred to No.2 (Indian) Group; No. 227 Group disbanded at Agra on 1 May 1946 by becoming No. 4 (Indian) Group. In May 1945 No. 228 Group had moved to Barrackpore and absorbed No. 230 Group, and then on 1 May 1946 becoming No. 3 (Indian) Group. No. 229 Group disbanded on 31 March 1947 and its responsibilities were taken over by No. 1 (Indian) Group; and No. 231 Group ceased operations on 1 August 1945, with by that time no units assigned, and disbanded on 30 September.[5]
In 1946, ACSEA was renamed RAF Air Command Far East, and finally Far East Air Force in June 1949. The tri-service headquarters remained in place after the war over to coordinate re-occupation of territory within the bounds of the command that had not yet been liberated from the Japanese. That included parts of Burma; the other British colonies of Singapore, Malaya,
. After the completion of the re-occupation duties, SEAC was disestablished in November 1946.However, the benefits of a supreme commander were not forgotten, and a tri-service headquarters was revived in 1962, when the Far East Command was formed. The Far East Command was also disestablished in 1971.
Postwar Occupation Duties
Unlike in
entry into the war on 9 August 1945 finally shocked the Japanese into suing for peace. Once peace came, there was a period of euphoria within the RAF units, but the forces in the region came back down to earth with a bump a few days later.Instead of the end to operations that a great many of the conscripts had naively thought would occur, if anything, operations in some parts of the forces increased in tempo.
The first of these was at
Siam
The easiest of the occupation tasks was in
Burma
Burma was also relatively straightforward to deal with, although more complicated than Siam. Much of the colony had been conquered several months before the war ended, in the big British offensive of summer 1945. That gave ACSEA crucial breathing space to start getting the colony back on its feet before the massive increase in occupation duties postwar occurred.
French Indo-China and Dutch East Indies
The most prickly tasks in the entire command were the temporary occupations of the colonies of other European powers. One was the occupation of part of
The easier of the two was French Indo-China. Resentment against the French was strong, with
At Tan Son Nhut, a large amount of space was available for transport aircraft; it had hard standings (all-weather concrete supports for landed aircraft) for about 70 Dakotas. This was fortunate since a great number of transport aircraft was required in the country, despite the low population of POWs. The other aircraft at the airfield were Spitfires of No. 273 Squadron RAF and a detachment of photo-reconnaissance Mosquitoes. The situation in French Indo-China and the Netherlands East Indies was particularly tricky because of the hostility of the locals to the returning colonial powers. French Indo-China was handed back to French control a great deal faster than the Dutch East Indies reverted back to Dutch control. This meant that in French Indo-China RAF aircraft did not have to get involved in suppressing any revolts in the area, apart from one occasion when Spitfires attacked enemy forces with cannon fire to support French ground troops. The RAF provided some spare Spitfires in the command to French Air Force pilots who were being sent to the colony, and more Spitfires were sent from Europe. The main RAF presence was withdrawn in mid-February 1946, when the Air Headquarters was disbanded. However, a small RAF presence was retained for a few more months to help direct military transport aircraft using the airfield.
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
The Indonesian–Malaysian Confrontation during 1962–1966 was Indonesia's political and armed opposition to the creation of Malaysia. It is also known by its Indonesian/Malay name Konfrontasi. The creation of Malaysia was the amalgamation of the Federation of Malaya (now West Malaysia), Singapore and the crown colony/British protectorates of Sabah and Sarawak (collectively known as British Borneo, now East Malaysia) in September 1963.
The confrontation was an undeclared war with most of the action in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo (known as Kalimantan in Indonesia). Sabah and Sarawak were ethnically, religiously and politically diverse and there was some local opposition to joining Malaysia that Indonesia attempted to exploit, although with little success.
The terrain in Borneo was challenging and there were very few roads. Both sides relied on light infantry operations and air transport, although rivers were also used. There was almost no use of offensive airpower. The British and Malaysian Armed Forces provided a significant element of the effort with assistance from the other member nations (Australia and New Zealand) from the combined Far East Strategic Reserve stationed then in West Malaysia and Singapore.
Initial Indonesian attacks into East Malaysia relied heavily on local volunteers trained by the Indonesian Army. The main military forces backing Malaysia were British and initially their activities were low key. The British responded to increased Indonesian activity by expanding their own. This included, starting in 1965, covert operations into Indonesian Kalimantan under the code name Operation Claret. In 1965 there were several Indonesian operations into West Malaysia, but without military success. By August 1966, following Indonesian President Suharto's rise to power, a peace agreement finally took effect as Indonesia accepted the existence of Malaysia.
Drawdown and departure
RAF units and forces in Burma, the
Air Headquarters Malaya (AHQ Malaya) was disbanded on 31 August 1957.
Subordinate Formations
Air Command, South East Asia
- No. 222 Group RAF[4] - partial listing of squadrons only
- 17, No. 273 Squadron RAF (Spitfire)
- No. 8 Squadron RAF (Vickers Wellington under AHQ Aden 1 July 1944 for administration and local operational control)
- No. 413 Squadron RCAF(Catalina)
- No. 230 Squadron RAF (Sunderland)
- No. 89 Squadron RAF
- No. 160 Squadron RAF (Liberator)
- No. 231 Group RAF
- No. 175 Wing RAF
- No. 99 Squadron RAF (Wellington)
- No. 292 (A.S.R.) Squadron (Warwick)
- No. 184 Wing RAF
- Nos 353, No. 356 Squadron RAF (Liberator)
- No. 185 Wing RAF
- No. 159 Squadron RAF (Liberator)
- No. 175 Wing RAF
- No. 225 Group RAF
- No. 5 Squadron RAF (Hurricane)
- No. 27 Squadron RAF, 47 Squadron, Beaufighter
- Nos. 200, 354 Squadrons (Liberator)
- No. 203 Squadron RAF (Wellington)
- No. 191 Squadron RAF, Nos 212, 240 Squadrons (Catalinas)
- No. 229 Group
- Eastern Air Command
- Photographic Reconnaissance Force
- No. 171 Wing RAF
- No. 681 Squadron RAF [8] (disbanded by being renumbered as 34 Squadron, 1 August 1946 [9])
- No. 684 Squadron RAF
- No. 171 Wing RAF
- Third Tactical Air Force - partial listing only[4]
- No. 177 Wing RAF
- No. 221 Group RAF
- No. 168 Wing RAF
- No. 60 Squadron RAF (Hurricane); No. 81 Squadron RAF (Spitfire); No. 84 Squadron RAF (Vengeance)
- No. 170 Wing RAF
- Nos. 1 (I.A.F.), No. 11 Squadron RAF, Nos 42, 113 Squadrons (Hurricane);
- Nos. 607, 615 Squadrons (Spitfire)
- No. 243 Wing RAF
- Nos 28 and 34 Squadrons RAF (Hurricane)
- No. 168 Wing RAF
- No. 224 Group RAF, with Nos 165, 166, and 167 Wings RAF and their squadrons
- Photographic Reconnaissance Force
Other AHQs and groups
- Air Headquarters Burma between 20 September 1945 and 15 December 1947[10]
- AHQ Ceylon – the AHQ continued after Ceylon became independent, moving from Katurkuruda to RAF Negombo on 23 February 1948 (see Lee, Eastward, 86-87). The AHQ was disbanded 1 November 1957 .
- British Forces, Hong Kongin 1967
- AHQ India formed 16 August 1939 at Simla – disbanded 15 August 1947[11]
- Detachments from No. 22 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF from July 1944.[12]
- AHQ Bengal was initially formed at Calcutta, operational between 20 April 1942 and 23 March 1943. It was reformed on 1 August 1944 at Barrackpore, it was disbanded on 4 December 1944[13]
- No. 223 Group RAF[14]
- No. 225 Group RAF[14]
- No. 226 Group RAF[14]
- No. 227 Group RAF[14]
- Detachments from
- AHQ Malaya – previously No. 224 Group, formed 30 September 1945, disbanded 31 August 1957 to become No. 224 Group[15]
- AHQ Netherlands East Indies formed 1 October 1945 and disbanded 30 November 1946[16][17]
- AHQ Saigon – disbanded 14 February 1946[citation needed]
- AHQ Siam formed at Bangkok and was operational between 1 October 1945 and April 1946, it was previously No. 909 Wing RAF[18]
- AHQ Singapore was operational between 16 February 1953 and 1 January 1958, it was previously No. 230 Group RAF[18]
- No. 224 Group RAF – disbanded 30 September 1945, reformed 31 August 1957, disbanded again 1 October 1968
|
Flying squadrons
- No. 8 Squadron RAF (1944-45)[21]
- No. 10 Squadron RAF (1945-47)[22]
- No. 11 Squadron RAF (1928-46)[22]
- No. 17 Squadron RAF (1942-46)[23]
- No. 20 Squadron RAF (1919-47)[24]
- No. 26 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 28 Squadron RAF (1920-78)[25]
- No. 30 Squadron RAF (1942-46)[26]
- No. 33 Squadron RAF (1949-55)[27]
- No. 34 Squadron RAF (1939-49 & 1960-67)[28]
- No. 36 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 39 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 45 Squadron RAF (1942-70)[29]
- No. 48 Squadron RAF[20] (1945-71)[30]
- No. 52 Squadron RAF (1944-66)[30]
- No. 57 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 60 Squadron RAF (1942-68)[31]
- No. 62 Squadron RAF (1939-47)[31]
- No. 64 Squadron RAF (1965-67)[32]
- No. 65 Squadron RAF (1964-70)[32]
- No. 66 Squadron RAF (1962-69)[33]
- No. 70 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 74 Squadron RAF (1967-71)[34]
- No. 80 Squadron RAF (1949-55)[35]
- No. 81 Squadron RAF (1943-70)[35]
- No. 83 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 84 Squadron RAF (1942-53)[36]
- No. 88 Squadron RAF (1946-54)[37]
- No. 96 Squadron RAF (1945-46)[38]
- No. 100 Squadron RAF (1943-42)[39]
- No. 103 Squadron RAF (1963-75)[39]
- No. 110 Squadron RAF (1943-71)[40]
- No. 120 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 131 Squadron RAF (1945)[41]
- No. 132 Squadron RAF (1945-46)[41]
- No. 136 Squadron RAF (1941-46)[42]
- No. 152 Squadron RAF (1943-47)[43]
- No. 155 Squadron RAF (1942-59)[43]
- No. 205 Squadron RAF[20] (1942-71)[44]
- No. 206 Squadron RAF[citation needed]
- No. 209 Squadron RAF (1942-68)[45]
- No. 211 Squadron RAF (1943-46)[45]
- No. 215 Squadron RAF (1942-46)[46]
- No. 225 Squadron RAF (1963-65)[47]
- No. 258 Squadron RAF (1942-45)[48]
- No. 267 Squadron RAF (1954-48)[49]
- No. 656 Squadron RAF/AAC (1943 – 15 January 1947; 29 June 1948 – 1 September 1957)[50]
Other units
- No. 389 Maintenance Unit RAF[20]
- No. 390 Maintenance Unit RAF[20]
- No. 5001 (Airfield Construction) Squadron, RAF Seletar, 1963–66
- Far East Air Force Examining Squadron at Seletar, 1950-51[51]
- Far East Air Force Survival and Parachute Training School at Changi, 1959-71[51]
- Far East Air Force Training Squadron at Seleter, 1951-55[51]
- Far East Casualty Evacuation Flight at Changi, 1950-53[51]
- RAF Far East Communication Flight at Changi, 1947[51]
- RAF Far East Communication Squadron at Changi, 1947-59[51]
- Far East Flying Boat Wing at Seletar, 1950-54[51]
- Far East School of Joint Warfare at Seletar, 1966-68[51]
- Far East Transport Wing at Changi, 1952-56[51]
- Tactical Development Unit, Far East at Ratmalana, 1943-45[52]
- Armament Practice Camp, Butterworth, 1955-56[53]
Stations
- Malaysia
- RAF Butterworth, Malaysia
- RAF Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- RAF Kuantan, Malaysia
- RAF Labuan, Malaysia
- Singapore
- RAF Changi, Singapore
- RAF Kallang, Singapore
- RAF Seletar, Singapore
- RAF Tengah, Singapore
- Hong Kong
- RAF Kai Tak, Hong Kong
- RAF Sek Kong, Hong Kong
- Myanmar/Burma
- RAF Hmawbi, Myanmar
- RAF Meiktilla, Myanmar
- RAF Mingaladon, Myanmar
- Other
- RAF Gan (Addu Atoll), Maldives
- RAF Pegu, India
- RAF Pingtung, Taiwan[citation needed]
Commanders
Commanders included:[54]
Far East Command
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017) |
? (1933–1938)
Air Vice Marshal John Tremayne Babington (1938–1941) later known as Sir John Tremayne.
Air Vice Marshal C. W. H. Pulford (1941– 1942) died of malaria on active service
Air Vice Marshal Paul Maltby (1942) captured; POW
Air Command South East Asia
- Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse(16 November 1943 – 26 November 1944)
- Air Marshal Sir Guy Garrod(26 November 1944 – 25 February 1945) – Temporary appointment
- Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park (25 February 1945 – 30 April 1946)
- Air Marshal Sir George Pirie (30 April – 30 September 1946)
Air Command Far East
- Air Marshal Sir George Pirie (30 September 1946 – 18 November 1947)
- Air Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd (18 November 1947 – 1 June 1949)
Far East Air Force
- Air Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd (1 June – 26 November 1949)
- Air Marshal Sir Francis Fogarty (26 November 1949 – 11 June 1952)
- Air Marshal Sir Clifford Sanderson (11 June 1952 – 12 November 1954)
- Air Marshal Sir Francis Fressanges (12 November 1954 – 13 July 1957)
- Air Marshal The Earl of Bandon (13 July 1957 – 30 June 1960)
- Air Marshal Sir Anthony Selway (30 June 1960 – 31 May 1962)
- Air Marshal Sir Hector McGregor (31 May 1962 – 10 June 1964)
- Air Marshal Sir Peter Wykeham (10 June 1964 – 8 August 1966)
- Air Marshal Sir Rochford Hughes (8 August 1966 – 11 February 1969)
- Air Marshal Sir Neil Wheeler (11 February 1969 – 1 October 1970)
- Air Vice Marshal N M Maynard(1 October 1970 – 31 October 1971)
See also
References
Citations
- ^ "Commands - India/FE".
- ^ Overseas Commands - Iraq, India and the Far East
- ^ "HyperWar: Royal Air Force 1939-1945: Volume III: The Fight is Won [Chapter 14]".
- ^ a b c APPENDIX XII Order of Battle, Air Command, South-East Asia, 1st July 1944
- ^ a b "Group No's 200 - 333".
- ^ HyperWar, RAF in January 1945
- ^ "Commands - Iraq/India/FE_P". Archived from the original on 6 August 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008., accessed July 2012.
- ^ Delve 1994, p. 77, 83.
- ^ Rawlings 1982, p. 245.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 82.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 167.
- ^ Delve 1994, p. 77.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 78.
- ^ a b c d e f Delve 1994, p. 93.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 186.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 193.
- ^ See Chapter 4, "Occupation of the Netherlands East Indies," in Air Chief Marshal Sir David Lee, Eastward: A History of the Royal Air Force in the Far East, HMSO 1984, pp38-63. Squadrons involved includ Nos 60, 81 in 904 Wing; Nos 47 and 84 (Mosquito); 155; 321 Squadron RNLAF; 27 Squadron (Beaufighter). Nos 31 and 155 Squadrons were disbanded in place in August-September 1945 (p.62).
- ^ a b Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 253.
- ^ a b Delve 1994, p. 87.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Delve 1994, p. 89.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 26.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 27.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 30.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 31.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 34.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 35.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 36.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 37.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 40.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 41.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 44.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 45.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 46.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 48.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 49.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 50.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 51.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 53.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 54.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 55.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 59.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 60.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 63.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 68.
- ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 70.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 71.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 73.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 79.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 81.
- ^ Jefford 1988, p. 103.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 109.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 269.
- ^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 65.
- ^ Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Overseas Commands – Iraq, India and the Far East Archived 6 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
- Delve, K (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
- Jefford, C. G. (1988). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (First ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 978-1853100536.
- Rawlings, John D.R. (1982). Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
- Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J. (2007). Royal Air Force flying training and support units since 1912. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0851-3036-59.
Further reading
- Sir ISBN 0117723541.