RAF Regiment
The Royal Air Force Regiment | |
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The Royal Air Force Regiment (RAF Regiment) is part of the Royal Air Force and functions as a specialist corps. Founded by Royal Warrant in 1942, the Corps carries out soldiering tasks relating to the delivery of air power. Examples of such tasks are non-combatant evacuation operation (NEO), recovery of downed aircrew (joint personnel recovery – JPR), and in-depth defence of airfields by way of aggressively patrolling and actively seeking out infiltrators in a large area surrounding airfields. In addition the RAF Regiment provides Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs) to the British Army in the Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) role, and provides flight size commitment to the Special Forces Support Group.[5]
The RAF Regiment Gunners are personnel trained in various disciplines such as infantry tactics, force protection, field craft, sniper, support special forces operations, CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) defence, equipped with advanced vehicles and detection measures. RAF Regiment instructors are responsible for training all Royal Air Force personnel in basic force protection such as first aid, weapon handling and CBRN skills.
The regiment and its members are known within the RAF as "The Regiment", "Rock Apes" or "Rocks". After basic training at RAF Halton, and a 20-week gunner course at RAF Honington, its members are trained and equipped to prevent a successful enemy attack in the first instance; minimise the damage caused by a successful attack; and ensure that air operations can continue without delay in the aftermath of an attack.
History
Formation
The genesis of the RAF Regiment was the creation of No. 1 Armoured Car Company RAF, formed in Egypt in 1921 for operations in Iraq,[6] followed shortly afterwards by No. 2 Armoured Car Company RAF and No. 3 Armoured Car Company RAF. These were equipped with Rolls-Royce armoured cars and carried out policing operations throughout the Middle East in the 1920s.[7]
Second World War
In 1941 during the
Disappointed with the failure of the British Army to recognise the importance of airfields in modern warfare, Prime Minister Churchill made the RAF responsible for the defence of its own bases and the RAF Regiment was formed on 1 February 1942, with its first headquarters established at
In late June 1944, with the
The Second World War campaign in north-eastern India and northern Burma was fought in jungle and mountains with few or non-existent roads and which facilitated the infiltration of enemy patrols behind front lines. This was overcome by holding defensive "boxes" mainly or entirely supplied by air. The defence of forward airfields close to the main army concentrations was vital to this tactic. A training school and depot for the RAF Regiment was established at
During the Battle of Imphal all supplies and reinforcements had to be flown in between 29 March and 22 June 1944 with RAF Regiment units providing vital airfield defence.[18] Following the failure of the Japanese Operation U-Go it was decided to pursue the shattered remnants of the Japanese 15th Army into Burma during the monsoon, in average rainfall of 10 in (254 mm) per day and rifle flights were sometimes attached to advancing Indian Army and British East African units, to gain experience in the jungle.[19] Units of 1307 Wing were flown into the newly captured and tactically vital Meiktila airfield on 1 March 1945. Only a roughly 1,076 sq yd (900 m2) box, shared with the army and some United States anti-aircraft artillery, could be held at night and the airfield had to be cleared of enemy each morning before flying could start. As one of the RAF Regiment's proudest battle honours, this three-week battle destroyed the Japanese hold on northern Burma.[20]
The RAF Regiment fought as field, armoured car and light anti-aircraft (LAA) squadrons and flights in North Africa, the Middle East, Italy, the Balkans and North Western Europe, as well as 68 LAA squadrons defending the UK against V1 attacks as part of Operation Diver, alongside the Royal Artillery's heavy anti-aircraft and LAA batteries. Amongst other things, RAF Regiment units were the first British forces to reach Paris, amongst the first to enter Brussels, and Squadron Leader Mark Hobden and his force arrested Hitler's successor as Fuhrer, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz, at his HQ in Flensburg.[21]
On 26 November 1944, a
On 5 December 1944, twelve RAF Regiment squadrons deployed onto various airfields in southern Greece. They became engaged in fighting with Greek Communist Forces (ELAS) which wished to depose the Greek government at that time.[23] No. 2848 Field Squadron was the first RAF unit to arrive in West Berlin in 1945 to secure Luftwaffe Flugplatz Gatow.[24]
Post-war
The unilateral declaration of independence by Rhodesia in November 1965 necessitated support to Zambia, which desperately needed air defence. In a rapid response, Javelin fighters were deployed and an RAF Regiment squadron was also deployed from the United Kingdom to provide ground defence. The agility of the Regiment was demonstrated in its ability to embark 51 Squadron RAF Regiment in six hours from the call to deploy.[26] At the eastern end of the Empire, flights from RAF Regiment squadrons based in Singapore deployed to Hong Kong in 1968 to help maintain security and confidence. The RAF Regiment continued to be involved in Hong Kong into the mid-1970s providing protection at both RAF Kai Tak and at the radar station at Tai Mo Shan.[27]
In 1974, the Rapier surface-to-air missile system entered service with the RAF Regiment, and equipped four squadrons protecting four RAF airfields in Germany. Detachments from the German Rapier Squadrons, particularly from RAF Gutersloh, deployed to San Carlos beach-head during the Falklands conflict to provide anti-aircraft cover.[28]
Light armoured squadrons, equipped with FV101 Scorpion and FV107 Scimitar light tracked vehicles continued to be operated into the 1980s.[29] Also from the 1980s units such as 19 Squadron were equipped with Rapier and tasked with defending USAF airbases such as RAF Upper Heyford.[30]
In July 2004 it was announced that the role of providing ground-based air defence was to be transferred to the British Army's Royal Artillery and the four Royal Air Force Regiment air defence squadrons were to be disbanded.[31]
In 2011, as part of the
In 2016, this decision was reversed with the announcement the CBRN role would be handed back to the British Army in 2020.[33]
In November 2013, The Queen's Colour (63), 1 and 27 Squadron had their new colours presented. However 16, 37 and 48 squadrons were disbanded.[34]
In July 2017,
Structure in 1989
The structure in 1989 was as follows:[36]
- Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment, RAF Catterick
- RAF Fire Service, RAF Catterick
- No. 3 Wing RAF Regiment, RAF Catterick, administrative control of unassigned UK-based squadrons
- RAF Aldergrove, (Field)
- No. 27 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Leuchars, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- No. 48 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Lossiemouth, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- )
- No. 4 Wing RAF Regiment, RAF Wildenrath, administrative control of West Germany-based Rapier squadrons defending Royal Air Force Germanyairfields
- No. 16 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Wildenrath, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- RAF Gutersloh, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- No. 37 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Bruggen, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- No. 63 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Gütersloh, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations)
- No. 5 Wing RAF Regiment, RAF Hullavington, administrative control of field squadrons supporting the UK's Harrier Force
- No. 2 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Hullavington, (Light Armour / Paratroopers, 15x Spartan, 6x Scorpion)
- No. 15 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Hullavington, (Light Armour, 15x Spartan, 6x Scorpion)
- US Air Force Third Air Forceairfields in the UK
- No. 19 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Brize Norton, (Air Defence, 12x Rapier launch stations, defending RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Fairford)
- No. 20 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Honington, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations, defending RAF Alconbury, RAF Bentwaters and RAF Woodbridge)
- No. 66 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF West Raynham, (Air Defence, 8x Rapier launch stations, defending RAF Mildenhall and RAF Lakenheath)
- 33 Wing, RAF Gütersloh, administrative control of West Germany-based light armour squadrons defending Royal Air Force Germany airfields
- No. 1 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Laarbruch, (Light Armour, 15x Spartan, 6x Scorpion)
- No. 34 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus (Light Armour, 15x Spartan, 6x Scorpion)
- No. 51 Squadron RAF Regiment, RAF Bruggen, (Light Armour, 15x Spartan, 6x Scorpion)
Additionally the Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment fielded the following reserve squadrons:
- No. 2503 (County of Lincoln) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF Scampton, (Field)
- No. 2620 (County of Norfolk) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF Marham, (Field)
- No. 2622 (Highland) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF Lossiemouth, (Field)
- No. 2623 (East Anglian) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF Honington, (Field)
- No. 2624 (County of Oxford) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF Brize Norton, (Field, assigned to support the Harrier Force in West Germany)
- No. 2625 (County of Cornwall) Squadron RAuxAF Regiment, RAF St Mawgan, (Field)
- SHORAD)
- SHORAD, formed 1 October 1989)
Organisation and role
The RAF Regiment comes under command of 2 Group, Air Command. Its members are organised into seven regular squadrons, - Nos 1, 2, 15, 27, 34, 51 and 63/King's Colour Squadron - of which six are field squadrons and 27 is the specialist CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) units under the umbrella of the defence CBRN Wing (No 20 Wing RAF Regiment -see note below), plus six Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF) Regiment (RAuxAF Regt) squadrons. These are intended to counter ground-based threats to overseas/deployed RAF assets and, to this end, are trained as mobile infantry to move on foot, or in helicopters and protected mobility vehicles, to defend airfields and landing sites. The large area surrounding airfields (regularly up to 140 km square) means RAF Regiment rifle flights (platoons) often spend long periods of time deployed on the ground deterring and detecting potential attackers. Leaving aside those injured, seriously or otherwise, five RAF Regiment gunners were killed in Iraq (one in a firefight, three, including a member of the RAuxAF, in a single mortar strike, and one in a road traffic incident)[37] and five were killed in Afghanistan (one due to hostile fire, four due to IEDs, including one 51 year old member of the RAuxAF, the oldest member of the British Armed Forces to die in Afghanistan[38]) with an additional man dying in an accident in Cyprus after leaving Afghanistan.[39] Additionally, over the same period, three Military Crosses have been awarded to RAF Regiment members for conspicuous bravery. Four RAF Regiment personnel were killed by the IRA, all in 1988 and 1989 - one killed by hostile fire in Northern Ireland, the rest by snipers or car bombs in Europe.[40]
The field squadrons are 171 strong[41] making them larger than an infantry company in the British Army but, critically, due to the nature of their structure, a key limitation is that they are only able to operate up to Company/Squadron level and so cannot bring the same 'Mass' to bear of an Infantry Regiment or Battlegroup. Not all personnel on an RAF Regiment squadron are trained gunners but can be involved in specialist support services such as administrators and drivers. A typical RAF Regiment squadron has support elements from the RAF but these personnel do not always deploy on patrols and other combat operations. Formerly, all RAF Regiment personnel were men, as it was British government policy that women could not serve in close combat units.[42] However, the intention was that by the end of 2018, women would be allowed to apply for these roles, with the RAF recruitment website 'looking forward' to female applications for the RAF Regiment. A review in 2017 determined that, although the Regiment was deemed to be the Royal Air Force's infantry, it was more alike to the Royal Armoured Corps in terms of risk. As a result, women will be allowed into the RAF Regiment from September 2017, which was a full year before other infantry units.[43] In January 2020, the first female recruit to complete the 20-week training course passed out of RAF Honington.[44]
As of March 2021[update], there are approximately 1,850 regulars.[2]
In March 2021, it was announced that the regular force is expected to be reduced by 300 personnel by 2023.[2]
Current RAF Regiment units
- Field Squadrons
- 1 Squadron (based at RAF Honington, Suffolk)
- )
- 15 Squadron (based at RAF Marham, Norfolk)
- 34 Squadron (based at RAF Leeming, North Yorkshire)
- 51 Squadron (based at RAF Lossiemouth, Moray)
- 63 Squadron (King's Colour Squadron)[45] (based at RAF Northolt, Middlesex)
- Other units
- Force Protection[46]
- RAF Force Protection - HQ at RAF Honington
- No. 2 Force Protection Wing - RAF Leeming
- No. 3 Force Protection Wing - RAF Marham
- No. 5 Force Protection Wing - RAF Lossiemouth
- No. 7 Force Protection Wing - RAF Coningsby
- No. 8 Force Protection Wing - RAF Waddington
- Force Protection[46]
- Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment Squadrons
- 504 County of Nottingham Squadron RAuxAF [Regiment Flight only]
- 603 City of Edinburgh Squadron RAuxAF [Regiment Flight only]
- 606 Chiltern Squadron RAuxAF [Regiment Flight only]
- 609 West Riding Squadron RAuxAF (Ground Defence)
- 2503 Squadron (Ground Defence)
- 2620 Squadron (Ground Defence)
- 2622 Squadron (Ground Defence)
- 2623 Squadron (Ground Defence)
- 2624 Squadron (Ground Defence)
Origin of the "Rock Ape" nickname
In the past the nickname "Rock Ape" has been attributed to their traditional role guarding areas of
Notable former members
- British comedian Tony Hancock joined the RAF Regiment in 1942.[49]
- British football manager Brian Clough served with the RAF Regiment during his national service.[50]
See also
- List of RAF Regiment units
- List of equipment of the RAF Regiment
- Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment
- Aden Protectorate Levies
- Iraq Levies
- RNZAF Security Forces
- USAF Security Forces
- List of air force ground units
References
- ^ "RAF Regiment Gunner". www.raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
- ^ "Appointment of Commandant General of the RAF Regiment". Royal Air Force. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Royal Air Force". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Dent 2006, p. 79.
- ^ "3 Sqn RAF Regiment Disbands At RAF Wittering". RAF. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "The Battle for Crete". www.nzhistory.net.nz. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ Pitchfork 2008, p. 23.
- ^ Robertson 1978, p. 154.
- ^ "RAF Regiment Squadrons 2700-2850". Air of Authority - A history of RAF organisation. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "No. 2 Squadron RAF Regiment". Elite UK Forces. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ Pitchfork 2008, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Churchill 2015, p. 796.
- ^ The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal. Vol. 118. 1988. p. 191. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ Warwick 2007, pp. 10–21.
- ^ Warwick 2007, pp. 29–33.
- ^ Warwick 2007, p. 47.
- ^ Warwick 2007, pp. 93–103.
- ^ Warwick 2007, pp. 158–180.
- ^ Oliver 1997, p. 118.
- ^ Oliver 1997, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Pitchfork 2008, p. 367.
- ISBN 978-1844860555.
- ^ The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal. Vol. 119. 1988. p. 308. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Air Commodore Adrian McGuire obituary". The Telegraph. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ISBN 978-0007312665.
- ISBN 0-304-35312-4.
- ^ "Light armour returns to the RAF Regiment". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "About us". RAF Brize Norton. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "RAF Regiment Restructuring - Details Announced". Ministry of Defence. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "CBRN role to transfer to RAF Regiment". Think Defence. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011.
- ^ "The Royal Tank Regiment: Back in the CBRN game". British Armed Forces Review. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "RAF Regiment lay up 5 Standards". Raf.mod.uk. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ISSN 0035-8614.
- ^ Oliver 1997, pp. 285–320.
- ^ "UK military deaths in Iraq". BBC News. 7 July 2016.
- ^ "Two Senior Aircraftmen Killed in Afghanistan". RAF - News by Date. Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ "UK military deaths in Afghanistan: Full list". BBC News. 12 October 2015.
- ^ Tuohy, William (2 May 1988). "3 British Soldiers Slain by IRA in Netherlands: 3 Others Wounded; Attacks Seen as Reprisal for Controversial Killing of 3 Guerrillas in Gibraltar". LA Times.
- ^ a b Dent 2006, p. 82.
- ^ "Women in the Armed Forces" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. May 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
The principal areas from which women are excluded today - and which were the concern of this review - are those that are required deliberately to close with and kill the enemy face-to-face,
- ISSN 0140-0460.
- ^ Johnson, Sabrina (23 January 2020). "Norfolk woman is first to become RAF Regiment Gunner". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ Dent 2006, p. 83.
- ^ "Force Protection". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ISBN 9780099484424.
- ^ Oliver 1997, pp. 206–207.
- ISBN 978-0 00-726678-4.
- ^ "British Armed Forces & National Service". Britisharmedforces.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
Bibliography
- Churchill, Winston (2015). The Hinge of Fate: The Second World War. Vol. 4. W&N. ISBN 978-0141441757.
- Deeley, Graeme (2012). Never Not Ready: The History of RAF Regiment Parachute Units 1942 – 2012. Barney Books. ISBN 978-1-906542-49-8.
- Dent, Stephen (2006). The Royal Air Force Handbook. London, UK: Anova Books. ISBN 9780851779522.
- Oliver, Kingsley (1997). Through Adversity – The History of the Royal Air Force Regiment 1941–1992 (PDF). Rushden, UK: Forces & Corporate Publishing. ISBN 0-9529597-0-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- Pitchfork, Graham (2008). The Royal Air Force Day by Day. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-4309-3.
- Ripley, Tim (16 April 2008). "RAF Regiment to boost equipment and recruitment". Jane's Defence Weekly. p. 10.
- Robertson, Bruce (1978). The RAF; a pictorial history. London, UK: Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7091-6607-9.
- Warwick, Nigel W M (2007). CONSTANT VIGILANCE The RAF Regiment in the Burma Campaign. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-84415-500-2. Retrieved 8 February 2014.