Amman

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Coordinates: 31°56′59″N 35°55′58″E / 31.94972°N 35.93278°E / 31.94972; 35.93278
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Amman
عَمَّان
Capital city
Hashemite Plaza
Umayyad Palace
Temple of Hercules
Abdoun Bridge
UTC+3
Postal code
11110-17198
Area code+962(6)
Websiteammancity.gov.jo

Amman (

Arabic: عَمَّان, romanized: ʿAmmān, pronounced [ʕaˈmːaːn])[5][6] is the capital and the largest city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political, and cultural center.[7] With a population of 4,061,150 as of 2021, Amman is Jordan's primate city and is the largest city in the Levant region, the fifth-largest city in the Arab world, and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East.[8]

The earliest evidence of settlement in Amman dates to the 8th millennium BC, in a Neolithic site known as 'Ain Ghazal, where the world's oldest statues of the human form have been unearthed. The city was known as Rabat Aman during the second millennium BC and served as the capital of the Ammonite Kingdom, centered at the Amman Citadel. In the 3rd century BC, the city was renamed Philadelphia and made a regional center of Hellenistic culture. Under Roman rule, Philadelphia was one of the ten Greco-Roman cities of the Decapolis. The Rashidun Caliphate conquered the city from the Byzantines in the 7th century AD, and renamed it Amman. Throughout most of the Islamic era, the city alternated between periods of devastation and abandonment and periods of relative prosperity as the center of the Balqa region. Amman was largely abandoned from the 15th century until 1878, when the Ottoman Empire authorities began settling Circassians there.

After the Ottomans inaugurated the

Greater Amman Municipality.[10] Areas of Amman have gained their names from either the hills (jabal) or the valleys (wadi) they occupy, such as Jabal al-Luweibdeh and Wadi Abdoun.[9] East Amman is predominantly filled with historic sites that frequently host cultural activities, while West Amman is more modern and serves as the economic center of the city.[11]

Approximately one million visitors arrived in Amman in 2018, which made it the 89th most-visited city in the world and the 12th most-visited Arab city. Amman has a relatively fast growing economy[12] and it is ranked as a Beta− global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[13] Moreover, it was named one of the Middle East and North Africa's best cities according to economic, labor, environmental, and socio-cultural factors.[14] The city is among the most popular locations in the Arab world for multinational corporations to set up their regional offices, alongside Doha and only behind Dubai.[15] The city is served by the Amman Bus and the Amman Bus Rapid Transit public transportation systems. Another BRT system under-construction will connect the city to nearby Zarqa.

Etymology

Amman derives its name from the ancient people of the

Ancient Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια; literally: "brotherly love"), after himself, after occupying it.[17] By the Islamic era, the Rashidun Caliphate restored its ancient semitic name and called it Amman in the 7th century AD.[18]

History

See also: Timeline of Amman

Neolithic period

Main article: ʿAin Ghazal
The ʿAin Ghazal statues on display at the Jordan Archaeological Museum, which are considered to be the oldest large-scale human statues ever found.[19]

The Neolithic site of ʿAin Ghazal today lies in the outskirts of Amman. At its height, around 7000 BC (9000 years ago), it had an area of 15 hectares (37 acres) and was inhabited by ca. 3000 people (four to five times the population of contemporary Jericho). At that time, the site was a typical aceramic Neolithic village. Its houses were rectangular mud-bricked buildings that included a main square living room, whose walls were made up of lime plaster.[20] The site was discovered in 1974 as construction workers were working on a road crossing the area. By 1982, when the excavations started, around 600 meters (2,000 feet) of road ran through the site. Despite the damage brought by urban expansion, the remains of ʿAin Ghazal provided a wealth of information.[21]

ʿAin Ghazal is well known for a set of small human statues found in 1983, when local archeologists stumbled upon the edge of a large pit containing them.[22] These statues are human figures made with white plaster, with painted eyes. Thirty-two figures were found in two caches, fifteen of them full figures, fifteen busts, and two fragmentary heads. Three of the busts depicted two-headed characters, the significance of which is not clear.[21]

Iron Age: the Ammonites

Main article: Ammon
Rujm Al-Malfouf, Ammonite watch tower built around 1000 BC, currently located in a residential area

In the 13th century BC, Amman was the capital of the

Moabites, trade along this route gave the Ammonites considerable revenue.[23] Milcom is named in the Hebrew Bible as the national god of Rabat Amman. Another ancient deity, Moloch, usually associated with the use of children as offerings, is also mentioned in the Bible as a god of the Ammonites, but this is probably a mistake for Milcom. However, excavations by archeologists near Amman Civil Airport uncovered a temple, which included an altar containing many human bone fragments. The bones showed evidence of burning, which led to the assumption that the altar functioned as a pyre and used for human sacrifice.[24][25]

Amman is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. According to the biblical narrative, the Ammonite king Hanun allied with Hadadezer, king of Aram-Zobah, against the United Kingdom of Israel. During the war, Joab, the captain of King David's army, laid siege to Rabbah, Hanun's royal capital, and destroyed it (2 Samuel 12:26–28, 1 Chronicles 20:1–2). David took a great quantity of plunder from the city, including the king's crown, and brought it to his capital, Jerusalem (2 Samuel 12:29–31). Hanun's brother, Shobi, was made king in his place, and became a loyal vassal of David (2 Samuel 17:27). Hundreds of years later, the prophet Jeremiah foresaw the coming destruction and final desolation of the city (Jeremiah 49:2).[26][27]

Several Ammonite ruins across Amman exist, such as Rujm Al-Malfouf and some parts of the Amman Citadel. The ruins of Rujm Al-Malfouf consist of a stone watchtower used to ensure the protection of their capital and several store rooms to the east.[28][29] The city was later conquered by the Assyrians, followed by the Babylonians and the Achaemenid Persians.[30]

Classical period

Temple of Hercules at the Amman Citadel (Jabal Al-Qalaa)

Conquest of the

Ancient Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια), evoking "brotherly love" in Greek. The name was given as an adulation to his own nickname, Philadelphus.[31]

One of the most original monuments in Jordan, and perhaps in the

Nabateans for twenty years until they lost the city to them. After losing Philadelphia, the Tobiad family disappears from written sources.[34]

Hashemite Plaza

The

Hippos, Capitolias, Canatha and Damascus to form the Decapolis League, a fabled confederation linked by bonds of economic and cultural interest.[34] Philadelphia became a point along a road stretching from Ailah to Damascus that was built by Emperor Trajan in AD 106. This provided an economic boost for the city in a short period of time.[35]

Roman rule in Jordan left several ruins across the country, some of which exist in Amman, such as the

Roman Theatre, the Odeon, and the Nymphaeum. The two theaters and the nymphaeum fountain were built during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius around AD 161. The theatre was the larger venue of the two and had a capacity for 6,000 attendees. It was oriented north and built into the hillside, to protect the audience from the sun. To the northeast of the theatre was a small odeon. Built at roughly the same time as the theatre, the Odeon had 500 seats and is still in use today for music concerts. Archaeologists speculate that the structure was originally covered with a wooden roof to shield the audience from the weather. The Nymphaeum is situated southwest of the Odeon and served as Philadelphia's chief fountain. The Nymphaeum is believed to have contained a 600 square meters (6,500 sq ft) pool which was 3 meters (9.8 ft) deep and was continuously refilled with water.[35] During the late Byzantine period in the seventh century, several bishops and churches were based in the city.[35]

Islamic era (7th–15th centuries)

See also: Desert castles
The Umayyad Palace on top of the Amman Citadel, built around 700 AD

In the 630s, the

desert castles were established as a means to govern the desert area of modern-day Jordan, several of which are still well-preserved. Amman had already been functioning as an administrative centre. The Umayyads built a large palace on the Amman Citadel hill, known today as the Umayyad Palace. Amman was later destroyed by several earthquakes and natural disasters, including a particularly severe earthquake in 747. The Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids three years later.[34]

Amman's importance declined by the mid-8th century after damage caused by several earthquakes rendered it uninhabitable.

al-Muqaddasi described Amman as the capital of Balqa,[38] and that it was a town in the desert fringe of Syria surrounded by villages and cornfields and was a regional source of lambs, grain and honey.[39] Its inhabitants he reports, at the time, were Shia Muslims.[39] Furthermore, al-Muqaddasi describes Amman as a "harbor of the desert" where Arab Bedouin would take refuge, and that its citadel, which overlooked the town, contained a small mosque.[40]

Ottoman ten-arches bridge, built in 1910 near Amman as part of the Hejaz railway

The occupation of the Citadel Hill by the

Ayyubid period, leaving it to further research to find the location of the Crusader castle.[43] During the Ayyubid period, the Damascene geographer al-Dimashqi wrote that Amman was part of the province of al-Karak, although "only ruins" remained of the town.[45]

During the

Abu'l Fida, recorded that Amman was "a very ancient town" with fertile soil and surrounded by agricultural fields.[40] For unclear, though likely financial reasons, in 1356, the capital of Balqa was transferred from Hisban to Amman, which was considered a madina (city).[48] In 1357, Emir Sirghitmish bought Amman in its entirety, most likely to use revenues from the city to help fund the Madrasa of Sirghitmish, which he built in Cairo that same year.[48] After his purchase of the city, Sirghitmish transferred the courts, administrative bureaucracy, markets and most of the inhabitants of Hisban to Amman.[48] Moreover, he financed new building works in the city.[48]

Ownership of Amman following Sirghitmish's death in 1358 passed to successive generations of his descendants until 1395, when his descendants sold it to Emir Baydamur al-Khwarazmi, the na'ib as-saltana (viceroy) of Damascus.

al-Salt functioned as the virtual political center of Transjordan.[53]

Modern era (1878–present)

The historical center of Amman, showing the Roman ruins in 1878 immediately before its modern resettlement (left), and the same area in 2015 (right)

Amman began to be resettled in 1878, when several hundred Muslim

Abzakh groups in 1880–1892.[56]

The first scientific map of Amman, 1881. The British surveyors noted that: "The Circassian colony established by the Sultan at Amman about 1879 [is] neither prosperous nor likely to become so".[57]

Until 1900 settlement was concentrated in the valley and slopes of the Amman stream and settlers built mud-brick houses with wooden roofs.

al-Fuheis, seeking to avoid high taxes and conscription or attracted by financial incentives, and traders from Najd and Morocco, had also moved to the town.[58]

The city's demographics changed dramatically after the Ottoman government's decision to construct the

Hejaz Railway helped to transform Amman from a small village into a major commercial hub in the region. Circassian entrepreneurship, facilitated by the railway, helped to attract investment from merchants from Damascus, Nablus, and Jerusalem, many of whom moved to Amman in the 1900s and 1910s.[53] Amman's first municipal council was established in 1909, and Circassian Ismael Babouk was elected as its mayor.[59]

The

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and the Arab Revolt, taking place in 1918. Amman had a strategic location along the Hejaz Railway; its capture by British forces and the Hashemite Arab army facilitated the British advance towards Damascus.[60] The second battle was won by the British, resulting in the establishment of the British Mandate
.

Amman 1928

In 1921, the Hashemite emir and later king

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1950. Its function as the capital of the country attracted immigrants from different Levantine areas, particularly from al-Salt, a nearby city that had been the largest urban settlement east of the Jordan River at the time. The early settlers who came from Palestine were overwhelmingly from Nablus, from which many of al-Salt's inhabitants had originated. They were joined by other immigrants from Damascus. Amman later attracted people from the southern part of the country, particularly al-Karak and Madaba. The city's population was around 10,000 in the 1930s.[61]

The British report from 1933 shows around 1,700 Circassians living in Amman.[62] Yet the community was far from insulated. Local urban and nomadic communities formed alliances with the Circassians, some of which are still present today. This cemented the status of Circassians in the re-established city.[53]

Jordan gained its independence in 1946 and Amman was designated the country's capital. Amman received many refugees during wartime events in nearby countries, beginning with the

Black September. The Jordanian Army defeated the PLO in 1971, and the latter were expelled to Lebanon.[63] The first wave of Iraqi and Kuwaiti refugees settled in the city after the 1991 Gulf War, with a second wave occurring in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
.

Amman in 1985

On 9 November 2005,

Syrian Civil War which began in 2011. Amman was a principal destination for refugees for the security and prosperity it offered.[67]

Amman in 2013

During the 2010s, the city has experienced an economic, cultural and urban boom. The large growth in population has significantly increased the need for new accommodation, and new districts of the city were established at a quick pace. This strained Jordan's scarce water supply and exposed Amman to the dangers of quick expansion without careful municipal planning.[68]

Geography

Taken from space, aftermath of a snowstorm in January 2022, where clear contrast is seen in accumulations between Amman's western and eastern neighbourhoods, the latter being on average 150 meters (492 feet) lower in elevation.

Amman is situated on the

al-Zarqa are located to the northwest and northeast, respectively, Madaba is located to the west, and al-Karak and Ma'an are to Amman's southwest and southeast, respectively. One of the only remaining springs in Amman now supplies the Zarqa River with water.[74] Trees found in Amman include Aleppo pine, Mediterranean cypress and Phoenician juniper.[75]

Climate

Spring in Dabouq, an affluent neighborhood in the city
A neighbourhood in Amman during a snowstorm in January 2022.

Amman features a

hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) in its western and northern neighborhoods, while its eastern and southern neighborhoods experience a semi-arid climate
(Köppen: BSh/BSk).

The summer season in Amman is moderately long, characterized by mild heat and refreshing breezes. However, occasional heatwaves may occur during this period. Spring is brief yet warm, with temperatures reaching highs of 28 °C (82 °F). This season typically commences between April and May, lasting for about a month. Winter usually sets in around the end of November, extending through early to mid-March. During winter, temperatures typically hover around or below 17 °C (63 °F), with sporadic snowfall occurring once or twice a year.

The average annual rainfall in Amman is around 385 mm (15 in), with great variations between different parts of the city. The western areas receive more than 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall, whereas the eastern areas receive less than 250 mm (10 in). Rainfall primarily occurs between November and April, and periodic droughts are not uncommon.

Amman experiences heavy fog on about 120 days each year. The city's diverse weather conditions are heavily influenced by differences in elevation. While snow might accumulate in the higher-altitude western and northern regions of Amman (with an average altitude of 1,000 m or 3,300 ft above sea level), the city center (at an elevation of 700 m or 2,300 ft) might experience rainfall simultaneously. This variation in elevation leads to extreme microclimates within Amman, with each district having its own distinct weather patterns.

Climate data for East Amman
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.7
(101.7) 		40.6
(105.1) 		43.5
(110.3) 		43.7
(110.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.6
(99.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		43.7
(110.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.9
(87.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.7
(90.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		23.7
(74.66)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		18.1
(64.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		12.5
(54.5)
Record low °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−4.5
(23.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.6
(2.39) 		62.8
(2.47) 		34.1
(1.34) 		7.1
(0.28) 		3.2
(0.13) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		7.1
(0.28) 		23.7
(0.93) 		46.3
(1.82) 		245.0
(9.65)
Average precipitation days 11.0 10.9 8.0 4.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 5.3 8.4 51.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.8 182.0 226.3 266.6 328.6 369.0 387.5 365.8 312.0 275.9 225.0 179.8 3,289.7
Source 1: Jordan Meteorological Department[76]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990),[77] Pogoda.ru.net (records)[78]
Climate data for West Amman
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.5
(97.7) 		38.5
(101.3) 		41.5
(106.7) 		41.5
(106.7) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.5
(95.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		25.5
(77.9) 		41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		21.5
(70.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		16.1
(61.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.5
(50.9)
Record low °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−9.0
(15.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 132.5
(5.22) 		132.5
(5.22) 		75.0
(2.95) 		15.0
(0.59) 		7.0
(0.28) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		15.0
(0.59) 		50.0
(1.97) 		100.0
(3.94) 		525.0
(20.67)
Average precipitation days 13.0 12.0 10.0 4.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.5 7.5 11.0 63.5
Source 1: Jordan Meteorological Department[76]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990),[77] Pogoda.ru.net (records)[78]
Ultraviolet index[79]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
3 5 7 9 10 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 7.5

Local government

See also: List of mayors of Amman

Amman is governed by a 41-member city council elected in four-year term direct elections. All Jordanian citizens above 18 years old are eligible to vote in the municipal elections. However, the mayor is appointed by the king and not through elections.[18] In 1909 a city council was established in Amman by Circassian Ismael Babouk who became the first-ever mayor of the capital, and in 1914 Amman's first city district center was founded.[80]

The Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) has been investing in making the city a better place, through a number of initiatives. Green Amman 2020 was initiated in 2014, aiming to turn the city to a

Ashrafieh Cultural Complex, Zaha Cultural Center, Al Hussein Cultural Center, Al Hussein Public Parks and others.[82]

Administrative divisions

districts, five of which are divided into sub-districts. The Greater Amman Municipality has 22 areas which are further divided into neighborhoods.[83]

The city is administered as the Greater Amman Municipality and covers 22 areas which include:[84][85]

Number Area Area (km2) Population (2015) Number Area Area (km2) Population (2015)
1 Al-Madinah 3.1 34,988 12
Kherbet Al-Souk
 0.5 186,158
2
Basman
 13.4 373,981 13 Al-Mgablein 23 99,738
3
Marka
 23 148,100 14 Wadi Al-Seer 80 241,830
4 Al-Nasr 28.4 258,829 15 Badr Al-Jadeedah 19 17,891
5 Al-Yarmouk 5.5 180,773 16
Sweileh
 20 151,016
6 Ras Al-Ein 6.8 138,024 17 Tla' Al-Ali 19.8 251,000
7 Bader 10.1 229,308 18
Jubeiha
 25.9 197,160
8
Zahran
 13.8 107,529 19 Shafa Badran 45 72,315
9
Al-Abdali
 15 165,333 20 Abu Nseir 50 72,489
10 Tariq 25 175,194 21 Uhod 250 40,000
11 Qweismeh 45.9 296,763 22
Marj Al-Hamam
 53 82,788

Economy

Banking sector

The banking sector is one of the principal foundations of Jordan's economy. Despite the unrest and economic difficulties in the Arab world resulting from the Arab Spring uprisings, Jordan's banking sector maintained its growth in 2014. The sector consists of 25 banks, 15 of which are listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. Amman is the base city for the international Arab Bank, one of the largest financial institutions in the Middle East, serving clients in more than 600 branches in 30 countries on five continents. Arab Bank represents 28% of the Amman Stock Exchange and is the highest-ranked institution by market capitalization on the exchange.[86]

Tourism

Amman is the 4th most visited Arab city and the ninth highest recipient of international visitor spending. Roughly 1.8 million tourists visited Amman in 2011 and spent over $1.3 billion in the city.[87] The expansion of Queen Alia International Airport is an example of the Greater Amman Municipality's heavy investment in the city's infrastructure. The recent construction of a public transportation system and a national railway, and the expansion of roads, are intended to ease the traffic generated by the millions of annual visitors to the city.[88]

Amman, and Jordan in general, is the Middle East's hub for medical tourism. Jordan receives the most medical tourists in the region and the fifth highest in the world. Amman receives 250,000 foreign patients a year and over $1 billion annually.[89]

Business

Jabal al-Ashrafiyah
.

Amman is introducing itself as a business hub. The city's skyline is being continuously transformed through the emergence of new projects. A significant portion of business flowed into Amman following the 2003

Maktoob, two major regional information technology companies, are based in Amman, along with major international corporations such as Hikma Pharmaceuticals, one of the Middle East's largest pharmaceutical companies, and Aramex, the Middle East's largest logistics and transportation company.[91][92]

In a report by Dunia Frontier Consultants, Amman, along with Doha, Qatar and Dubai, United Arab Emirates, are the favored hubs for multinational corporations operating in the Middle East and North Africa region.[15] In FDI magazine, Amman was chosen as the Middle Eastern city with the most potential to be a leader in foreign direct investment in the region.[91] Furthermore, several of the world's largest investment banks have offices in Amman including Standard Chartered, Société Générale, and Citibank.[93]

Demographics

Historical population of Amman
YearHistorical population±%
7250 BC 3,000—    
1879 500−83.3%
1906 5,000+900.0%
1930 10,000+100.0%
1940 20,000+100.0%
1952 108,000+440.0%
1979 848,587+685.7%
1999 1,864,500+119.7%
2004 2,315,600+24.2%
2010 2,842,629+22.8%
2015 4,007,526+41.0%
Source: [94][95][18]
Largest groups of Arab foreign residents[96]
Nationality Population (2015)
 Syria 435,578
 Egypt 390,631
 Palestinian territories 308,091
 Iraq 121,893
 Yemen 27,109
 Libya 21,649
Other 147,742

The population of Amman reached 4,007,526 in 2015; the city contains about 42% of Jordan's entire population.

Hejaz Railway in 1914, many Muslim and Christian merchant families from al-Salt immigrated to the city.[100] A large proportion of Amman's inhabitants have Palestinian roots (urban or rural origin), and the two main demographic groups in the city today are Arabs of Palestinian or Jordanian descent. Other ethnic groups comprise about 2% of the population. There are no official statistics about the proportion of people of Palestinian or Jordanian descent.[101]

New arrivals consisting of Jordanians from the north and south of the country and immigrants from Palestine had increased the city's population from 30,000 in 1930 to 60,000 in 1947.

Palestinian refugee camps exist around the center of Amman.[105]

Because Amman lacks a deep-rooted native population, the city does not have a distinct Arabic dialect, although recently such a dialect utilizing the various Jordanian and Palestinian dialects, has been forming.[106] The children of immigrants in the city are also increasingly referring to themselves as "Ammani", unlike much of the first-generation inhabitants who identify more with their respective places of origin.[107]

Religion

Amman has a mostly

Salafism.[110] Amman also has a small Druze community.[111]

Large numbers of

Al-Jeezah district; the site is believed to have initially served as Roman fortified military camps which gradually became a town around the 5th century AD. It has not been completely excavated. It was influenced by several civilizations including the Romans, Byzantines and Muslims. The site contains some well-preserved mosaic floors, particularly the mosaic floor of the Church of Saint Stephen.[114]

Cityscape

A panoramic view of east Amman from atop the Amman Citadel overlooking the Roman theater

Downtown Amman, the city center area (known in Arabic as Al-Balad), has been dwarfed by the sprawling urban area that surrounds it. Despite the changes, much remains of its old character. Jabal Amman is a tourist attraction in old Amman, where the city's largest souks, museums, ancient constructions, monuments, and cultural sites are found. Jabal Amman also contains the famous Rainbow Street and the cultural Souk Jara market.[115]

A view of an East Amman slum

Architecture

Abdali Project as of 2018

Residential buildings are limited to four stories above street level and if possible another four stories below, according to the

Greater Amman Municipality regulations. The buildings are covered with thick white or beige limestone or sandstone.[116] The buildings usually have balconies on each floor, with the exception of the ground floor, which has a front and back yard. Some buildings make use of Mangalore tiles on the roofs or on the roof of covered porches. Hotels, towers and commercial buildings are either covered by stone, plastic or glass.[117]

High-rise construction and towers

See also: List of tallest buildings in Amman
Jordan Gate Towers as seen from the west

Gulf Finance House, the Kuwait Investment and Finance Company (KIFC). The project is expected to be opened by 2025.[118]

Abdali district will host a mall, a boulevard along with several hotels, commercial and residential towers. Valued at more than US$5 billion, the Abdali project will create a new visible center for Amman and act as the major business district for the city.[119] The first phase contains about ten towers, five of which are under construction to be completed by 2016.[120] Across 30,000 square meters of land, a central dynamic park is the main feature of phase II which will serve as a focal theme for mainly residential, office, hotel and retail developments over 800,000 square meters.[121]

The towers in the first phase include

Abdali Gateway tower, K tower, Vertex Tower, Capital tower, Saraya headquarters tower and Hamad tower.[122]

Culture

Museums

See also: Category:Museums in Amman
The Jordan Museum, located near downtown

The largest museum in Jordan is

The Martyrs' Memorial and Museum, the Royal Automobile Museum, the Prophet Mohammad Museum, the Museum of Parliamentary Life, the Jordan Folklore Museum, and museums at the University of Jordan.[124]

Lifestyle

Amman is considered one of the most liberal cities in the

Asian fusion restaurants, French bistros and Italian trattorias. The city has become famous for its fine dining scene among Western expatriates and Persian Gulf tourists.[127]

Souk Jara is one of the most famous outdoor markets managed by the Jabal Amman Residents Association (JARA).

Large shopping malls were built during the 2000s in Amman, including the Mecca Mall, Abdoun Mall, City Mall, Al-Baraka Mall, Taj Mall, Zara Shopping Center, Avenue Mall, and Abdali Mall in Al Abdali.[128] Wakalat Street ("Agencies Street") is Amman's first pedestrian-only street and carries a lot of name-label clothes. The Sweifieh area is considered to be the main shopping district of Amman.[129]

Nightclubs, music bars and shisha lounges are present across Amman, changing the city's old image as the conservative capital of the kingdom. This burgeoning new nightlife scene is shaped by Jordan's young population.[130] In addition to the wide range of drinking and dancing venues on the social circuit of the city's affluent crowd, Amman hosts cultural entertainment events, including the annual Amman Summer Festival. Souk Jara is a Jordanian weekly flea market event that occurs every Friday throughout the summer.[131] Sweifieh is considered to be the unofficial red-light district of Amman as it holds most of the city's nightclubs, bars.[132] Jabal Amman and Jabal al-Luweibdeh are home to many pubs and bars as well, making the area popular among bar hoppers.[127]

Alcohol is widely available in restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and supermarkets.[133][134] There are numerous nightclubs and bars across the city, especially in West Amman. As of 2011, there were 77 registered nightclubs in Jordan (excluding bars and pubs), overwhelmingly located in the capital city.[135] In 2009, there were 222 registered liquor stores in Amman.[136]

Cuisine

See also: Jordanian cuisine

Danielle Pergament of The New York Times described Ammani cuisine as a product of several cuisines in the region, writing that it combines "the bright vegetables from Lebanon, crunchy falafels from Syria, juicy kebabs from Egypt and, most recently, spicy meat dishes from Jordan's neighbor, Iraq. It's known as the food of the Levant – an ancient word for the area bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian peninsula. But the food here isn't just the sum of its calories. In this politically, religiously and ethnically fraught corner of the world, it is a symbol of bloodlines and identity."[137] However, the city's street food scene makes the Ammani cuisine distinctive.[2][138]

Sports

Amman-based

Al-Faisaly, both former league champions, share one of the most popular rivalries in the local football scene.[139] Amman hosted the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup along with Irbid and Zarqa.[140][141]

The

FIA World Rally Championship, becoming one of the largest sporting events ever held in Jordan.[143]

Amman is home to a growing number of foreign sports such as skateboarding and rugby; the latter has two teams based in the city: Amman Citadel Rugby Club and Nomads Rugby Club.[144] In 2014, German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life completed construction of the 7Hills Skatepark, a 650 square meter concrete skatepark located at Samir Rifai park in Downtown Amman.[145]

A panoramic view of Amman International Stadium in the Sport City

Media and music

The majority of Jordan's radio stations are based in Amman. The first radio station to originate in the city was Hunna Amman in 1959; it mainly broadcast traditional Bedouin music.[146] In 2000, Amman Net became the first de facto private radio station to be established in the country, despite private ownership of radio stations being illegal at the time.[147] After private ownership was legalized in 2002, several more radio stations were created.[148]

Most Jordanian newspapers and news stations are situated in Amman. Daily newspapers published in Amman include

JRTV, are based in Amman.[151]

Celebrations of Amman's centennial in 2009

Aside from mainstream

Autostrad and El Morabba3.[153]

Events

Many events take place in Amman, including

Royal Film Commission, Shoman libraries and Darat al Funun, and the Royal Cultural Center at Sports City. In addition to large-scale events and institutional planning, scholars point to tactical urbanism as a key element of the city's cultural fabric.[155]

Transportation

Airports

Queen Alia International Airport

The main airport serving Amman is Queen Alia International Airport, situated about 30 km (18.64 mi) south of Amman. Much smaller is Amman Civil Airport, a one-terminal airport that serves primarily domestic and nearby international routes and the army. Queen Alia International Airport is the major international airport in Jordan and the hub for Royal Jordanian, the flag carrier. Its expansion was recently done and modified, including the decommissioning of the old terminals and the commissioning of new terminals costing $700M, to handle over 16 million passengers annually.[156] It is now considered a state-of-the-art airport and was named 'the best airport in the Middle East' for 2014 and 2015 and 'the best improvement in the Middle East' for 2014 by Airport Service Quality Survey, the world's leading airport passenger satisfaction benchmark program.[157]

Roads

See also: List of roads in Amman

Amman has an extensive road network. Eight

Abdoun Circle. It is considered one of Amman's many landmarks and is the first curved suspended bridge to be built in the country.[35]

Abdoun Bridge, considered one of Amman's landmarks

Successive waves of refugees to the city has led to the rapid construction of new neighborhoods, but Amman's capacity for new or widened roads remains limited despite the influx. This has resulted in increasing traffic jams, particularly during summer when there are large numbers of tourists and Jordanian expatriates visiting.[158] In 2015, a ring road encompassing the city was constructed, which aims to connect the northern and southern parts of the city in order for traffic to be diverted outside Amman and to improve the environmental conditions in the city.[159]

BRT bus at a stop along its route

Bus and taxi

The city has frequent bus connections to other cities in Jordan, as well as to major cities in neighboring countries; the latter are also served by service taxis. Internal transport is served by a number of bus routes and taxis. Service taxis, which most often operate on fixed routes, are readily available and inexpensive. The two main bus and taxi stations are Abdali (near the King Abdullah Mosque, the Parliament and Palace of Justice) and the Raghadan Central Bus Station near the Roman theater in the city center. Popular Jordanian bus company services include JETT and Al-Mahatta. Taxis are the most common way to get around in Amman due their high availability and inexpensiveness.[160]

The Amman Bus and the Amman Bus Rapid Transit public transportation systems currently serve the city. Construction work on the BRT system started in 2010, but was halted soon after amid feasibility concerns. Resuming in 2015, the first route of the BRT system was inaugurated in 2021, and the second in 2022. Another BRT route connecting Amman with Zarqa is also under construction and is expected to be operational by 2023.[161]

The BRT system in Amman runs on 2 routes: the first from

Sweileh in northwest Amman to the Ras Al-Ain area next to downtown Amman, and the second from Sweileh to Mahatta terminal in eastern Amman. Both routes meet at the Sports City intersection. The first route is currently served by three lines: 98, 99 and 100.[161] Ticket price for all lines of Amman Bus and Amman BRT are bought either online via the Amman Bus mobile application or as a rechargeable card in major terminals. Passengers scan their cards or QR codes on phone when boarding the bus, where the price ticket is subtracted from the available balance. The buses are air-conditioned, accessible, monitored with security cameras and have free internet service.[161]

Education

See also: List of universities in Jordan
Al-Isra University in Amman

Amman is a major regional center of education. The Amman region hosts Jordan's highest concentration of education centers. There are 20 universities in Amman. The University of Jordan is the largest public university in the city.[162] There are 448 private schools in the city attended by 90,000 students,[163] including Jubilee School, Amman Baccalaureate School, Amman Academy, Amman National School, Modern American School, American Community School in Amman, and National Orthodox School.

University of Jordan library

Universities include:

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Jordan

Amman is twinned with:[164][165]

Gallery

Panorama of Amman, the capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, from the Citadel hill
Panorama of Amman from the Citadel hill

See also

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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amman.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Amman.
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