Raccoon
Raccoon Temporal range:
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Eastern raccoon (P. l. lotor), Central Park in New York City | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Procyonidae |
Genus: | Procyon |
Species: | P. lotor
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Binomial name | |
Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Native range in red, introduced range in blue | |
Synonyms | |
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The raccoon (.
The original
In Europe, the raccoon is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[4] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[5]
Though previously thought to be generally solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in sex-specific social behavior. Related females often share a common area, while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four raccoons in order to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season and against other potential invaders. Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 ha (7.4 acres) for females in cities, to 5,000 ha (12,000 acres) for males in prairies. After a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young known as "kits" are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall. Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death.
Etymology
Names for the species include the common raccoon,[7] North American raccoon,[8] and northern raccoon.[9] In various North American native languages, the reference to the animal's manual dexterity, or use of its hands is the source for the names.[10] The word raccoon was adopted into English from the native Powhatan term meaning 'animal that scratches with its hands', as used in the Colony of Virginia. It was recorded on John Smith's list of Powhatan words as aroughcun, and on that of William Strachey as arathkone.[11] It has also been identified as a reflex of a Proto-Algonquian root *ahrah-koon-em, meaning '[the] one who rubs, scrubs and scratches with its hands'.[12] The word is sometimes spelled as racoon.[13]
In
Its Latin name literally means 'before-dog washer'.[15] The genus Procyon was named by Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr.[10] The animal's observed habit of "washing" or "dousing" (see below) is the source of its name in other languages.[16][17] For example, the French "raton laveur" means "washing rat".
The
Taxonomy
In the first decades after its discovery by the members of the expedition of
Evolution
Based on fossil evidence from Russia and Bulgaria, the first known members of the family Procyonidae lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago.[30] Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, but molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears.[31] After the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America.[32] Coatis (Nasua and Nasuella) and raccoons (Procyon) have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago.[33] This assumption, based on morphological comparisons of fossils, conflicts with a 2006 genetic analysis which indicates raccoons are more closely related to ringtails.[34] Unlike other procyonids, such as the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), the ancestors of the common raccoon left tropical and subtropical areas and migrated farther north about 2.5 million years ago, in a migration that has been confirmed by the discovery of fossils in the Great Plains dating back to the middle of the Pliocene.[35][33] Its most recent ancestor was likely Procyon rexroadensis, a large Blancan raccoon from the Rexroad Formation characterized by its narrow back teeth and large lower jaw.[36]
Subspecies
As of 2005, Mammal Species of the World recognizes 22 subspecies of raccoons.[37] Four of these subspecies living only on small Central American and Caribbean islands were often regarded as distinct species after their discovery. These are the Bahamian raccoon and Guadeloupe raccoon, which are very similar to each other; the Tres Marias raccoon, which is larger than average and has an angular skull; and the extinct Barbados raccoon. Studies of their morphological and genetic traits in 1999, 2003 and 2005 led all these island raccoons to be listed as subspecies of the common raccoon in Mammal Species of the World's third edition. A fifth island raccoon population, the Cozumel raccoon, which weighs only 3 to 4 kg (6.6 to 8.8 lb) and has notably small teeth, is still regarded as a separate species.[38][39][40][41]
The four smallest raccoon subspecies, with a typical weight of 1.8 to 2.7 kg (4.0 to 6.0 lb), live along the southern coast of Florida and on the adjacent islands; an example is the Ten Thousand Islands raccoon (Procyon lotor marinus).[42] Most of the other 15 subspecies differ only slightly from each other in coat color, size and other physical characteristics.[43][44] The two most widespread subspecies are the eastern raccoon (Procyon lotor lotor) and the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon (Procyon lotor hirtus). Both share a comparatively dark coat with long hairs, but the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon is larger than the eastern raccoon. The eastern raccoon occurs in all U.S. states and Canadian provinces to the north of South Carolina and Tennessee. The adjacent range of the Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon covers all U.S. states and Canadian provinces to the north of Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico.[45]
The taxonomic identity of feral raccoons inhabiting Central Europe, Causasia and Japan is unknown, as the founding populations consisted of uncategorized specimens from zoos and fur farms.[46]
Subspecies | Image | Trinomial authority | Description | Range | Synonyms |
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Eastern raccoon P. l. lotor Nominate subspecies
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Linnaeus, 1758
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A small and dark subspecies with long, soft fur.[47] | Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and southern Ontario south through the eastern United States to North Carolina, and from the Atlantic coast west to Lake Michigan, Indiana, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and probably eastern Tennessee. | annulatus (G. Fischer, 1814) brachyurus (Wiegmann, 1837) | |
Key Vaca raccoon P. l. auspicatus |
Nelson, 1930 | A very small and pale-furred subspecies.[48] | Key Vaca and doubtless closely adjoining keys of the Key Vaca Group, a central section of the main chain off the southern coast of Florida. | ||
Florida raccoon P. l. elucus |
Bangs, 1898 | Generally a medium-sized and dark-colored subspecies with a prominent rusty rufous nuchal patch.[49] | Peninsular Florida, except southwestern part inhabited by P. l. marinus, north to extreme southern Georgia; grading into P. l. varius in northwest Florida. | ||
Snake River Valley raccoon P. l. excelsus |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | A very large and pale subspecies.[50] | Snake River drainage in southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, the Humboldt River Valley, Nev., and river valleys of northeastern California. | ||
Texas raccoon P. l. fuscipes |
Mearns, 1914 | A large, dark grayish subspecies.[51] | Texas, except extreme northern and western parts, southern Arkansas, Louisiana, except delta region of Mississippi, and south into northeastern Mexico, including Coahuila and Nuevo León, to southern Tamaulipas. | ||
† Barbados raccoon P. l. gloveralleni |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | A small, dark-furred subspecies with a lightly built skull.[52] | Known only from the Island of Barbados. | solutus (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) | |
Baja California raccoon P. l. grinnelli |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | A large, pale-furred subspecies with high and broad skull.[53] | Southern Baja California from the Cape region north at least to San Ignacio. | ||
Mexican plateau raccoon P. l. hernandezii |
Wagler, 1831 | A large and dark grayish subspecies with a flattish skull and heavy dentition.[54] | Southern part of tableland or plateau region of Mexico and adjoining coasts, from Nayarit, Jalisco, and San Luis Potosí, south to near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. | crassidens (Hollister, 1914) dickeyi (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) | |
Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon P. l. hirtus |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | A large and dark-furred subspecies, whose pelage is usually suffused with ochraceous buff.[55] | Upper Mississippi and Missouri River drainage areas from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains east to Lake Michigan, and from southern Manitoba and probably southwestern Ontario and southeastern Alberta south to southern Oklahoma and Arkansas. | ||
Torch Key raccoon P. l. incautus |
Nelson, 1930 | A small subspecies with very pale fur (the palest of the Florida raccoons).[56] | Big Pine Key Group, near southwestern end of chain of Florida Keys. | ||
Matecumbe Key raccoon P. l. inesperatus |
Nelson, 1930 | Similar to P. l. elucus, but smaller and grayer and with a flatter skull.[57] | Key Largo Group, embracing fringing keys along the southeast coast of Florida, from Virginia Key south to Lower Matecumbe Key. | ||
Tres Marias raccoon P. l. insularis |
Merriam, 1898 | A large, massive-skulled subspecies with short and coarse fur.[58] | Tres Marías Islands, off west coast of Nayarit, Mexico. | vicinus (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) | |
Saint Simon Island raccoon P. l. litoreus |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | Similar to P. l. elucus, being of medium size and having dark fur.[59] | Coastal strip and islands of Georgia. | ||
Ten Thousand Islands raccoon P. l. marinus |
Nelson, 1930 | A very small subspecies with heavy dentition.[60] | Keys of the Ten Thousand Islands Group, and adjoining mainland of southwestern Florida from Cape Sable north through the Everglades to Lake Okeechobee. | maritimus (Dozier, 1948) | |
Bahamian raccoon P. l. maynardi |
Bangs, 1898 | A small and slightly dark subspecies with a lightly built skull and dentition.[61] | Known only from New Providence Island, Bahamas. | flavidus (de Beaux, 1910) minor (Miller, 1911) | |
Mississippi Delta raccoon P. l. megalodous |
Lowery, 1943 | A medium-sized subspecies, with a massive skull and pale yellow fur suffused above with black.[62] | Coast region of southern Louisiana from St. Bernard Parish west to Cameron Parish. | ||
Guadeloupe raccoon
P. l. minor |
Miller, 1911 | A small subspecies with a delicate skull, a dark gray coat, and a slight ochre tint on the neck and shoulders.[63] | Basse-Terre ).
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||
Pacific Northwest raccoon P. l. pacificus |
Merriam, 1899 | A dark-furred subspecies with a relatively broad, flat skull.[64] | Southwestern British Columbia, except Vancouver Island, northern, central, and western Washington, western Oregon, and extreme northwestern California. | proteus (Brass, 1911) | |
Colorado Desert raccoon P. l. pallidus |
Merriam, 1900 | One of the palest subspecies, around the same size as P. l. mexicanus.[65] | Colorado and Gila River Valleys and adjoining territory from the delta north to northeastern Utah, and east to western Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. | ochraceus (Mearns, 1914) | |
California raccoon P. l. psora |
Gray, 1842 | A large and moderately dark subspecies with a broad, rather flat skull.[66] | California, except extreme northwest coastal strip, the northeastern corner and southeastern desert region, ranging south through northwestern Baja California to San Quentin; extreme west central Nevada. | californicus (Means, 1914) | |
Isthmian raccoon P. l. pumilus |
Miller, 1911 | Similar to P. l. crassidens in color, but has a shorter, broader and flatter skull.[67] | Panama and the Canal Zone from Porto Bello west to Boqueron, Chiriqui, though the limits of its range are unknown. | ||
† Short-faced raccoon P. l. simus |
Gidley, 1906 | A Pleistocene subspecies similar to P. l. excelsus, but with a deeper lower jaw and a more robust dentition.[68][69] | California. | ||
Vancouver Island raccoon P. l. vancouverensis |
Nelson and Goldman, 1930 | A dark-furred subspecies, similar to P. l. pacificus but smaller.[70] | Known only from Vancouver Island. |
Description
Physical characteristics
Head to hindquarters, raccoons measure between 40 and 70 cm (16 and 28 in), not including the bushy tail which can measure between 20 and 40 cm (7.9 and 15.7 in), but is usually not much longer than 25 cm (9.8 in).[71][72][73] The shoulder height is between 23 and 30 cm (9.1 and 11.8 in).[74] The body weight of an adult raccoon varies considerably with habitat, making the raccoon one of the most variably sized mammals. It can range from 2 to 26 kg (4.4 to 57.3 lb), but is usually between 5 and 12 kg (11 and 26 lb). The smallest specimens live in southern Florida, while those near the northern limits of the raccoon's range tend to be the largest .[75] Males are usually 15 to 20% heavier than females.[76] At the beginning of winter, a raccoon can weigh twice as much as in spring because of fat storage.[77][78][79] The largest recorded wild raccoon weighed 28.4 kg (63 lb) and measured 140 cm (55 in) in total length, by far the largest size recorded for a procyonid.[80][81]
The most characteristic physical feature of the raccoon is the area of black
The raccoon, whose method of locomotion is usually considered to be plantigrade, can stand on its hind legs to examine objects with its front paws.[89][90] As raccoons have short legs compared to their compact torso, they are usually not able either to run quickly or jump great distances.[91][92] Their top speed over short distances is 16 to 24 km/h (9.9 to 14.9 mph).[93][94] Raccoons can swim with an average speed of about 5 km/h (3.1 mph) and can stay in the water for several hours.[95][92] For climbing down a tree headfirst—an unusual ability for a mammal of its size—a raccoon rotates its hind feet so they are pointing backwards.[96][92] Raccoons have a dual cooling system to regulate their temperature; that is, they are able to both sweat and pant for heat dissipation.[97][98]
Raccoon skulls have a short and wide facial region and a voluminous
Senses
The most important sense for the raccoon is its
Raccoons are thought to be
Intelligence
Zoologist Clinton Hart Merriam described raccoons as "clever beasts", and that "in certain directions their cunning surpasses that of the fox". The animal's intelligence gave rise to the epithet "sly coon".[127] Only a few studies have been undertaken to determine the mental abilities of raccoons, most of them based on the animal's sense of touch. In a study by the ethologist H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons were able to open 11 of 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 tries and had no problems repeating the action when the locks were rearranged or turned upside down. Davis concluded that they understood the abstract principles of the locking mechanisms and their learning speed was equivalent to that of rhesus macaques.[128]
Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 and 1992 concentrated on raccoon memory showed that they can remember the solutions to tasks for at least three years.[129] In a study by B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons were able to instantly differentiate between identical and different symbols three years after the short initial learning phase.[129] Stanislas Dehaene reports in his book The Number Sense that raccoons can distinguish boxes containing two or four grapes from those containing three.[130] In research by Suzana Herculano-Houzel and other neuroscientists, raccoons have been found to be comparable to primates in density of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which they have proposed to be a neuroanatomical indicator of intelligence.[131][132]
Behavior
Social behavior
Studies in the 1990s by the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt and
With respect to these three different modes of life prevalent among raccoons, Hohmann called their social structure a "three-class society".[141] Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor of zoology at Weber State University and author of the book Raccoons: A Natural History, is more cautious in his interpretation and concludes at least the females are solitary most of the time and, according to Erik K. Fritzell's study in North Dakota in 1978, males in areas with low population densities are solitary as well.[142]
The shape and size of a raccoon's
Concerning the general behavior patterns of raccoons, Gehrt points out that "typically you'll find 10 to 15 percent that will do the opposite" of what is expected.[147]
Diet
Though usually nocturnal, the raccoon is sometimes active in daylight to take advantage of available food sources.[148][149] Its diet consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant material and 27% vertebrates.[150] Since its diet consists of such a variety of different foods, Zeveloff argues the raccoon "may well be one of the world's most omnivorous animals".[151] While its diet in spring and early summer consists mostly of insects, worms, and other animals already available early in the year, it prefers fruits and nuts, such as acorns and walnuts, which emerge in late summer and autumn, and represent a rich calorie source for building up fat needed for winter.[152][153]
Contrary to popular belief, raccoons only occasionally eat active or large prey, such as birds and mammals. They prefer prey that is easier to catch, specifically crayfish, insects,[154] fish, amphibians and bird eggs.[155] Raccoons are virulent predators of eggs and hatchlings in both birds and reptile nests, to such a degree that, for threatened prey species, raccoons may need to be removed from the area or nests may need to be relocated to mitigate the effect of their predations (i.e. in the case of some globally threatened turtles).[156][157][158][159][160] When food is plentiful, raccoons can develop strong individual preferences for specific foods.[78] In the northern parts of their range, raccoons go into a winter rest, reducing their activity drastically as long as a permanent snow cover makes searching for food difficult.[161]
Dousing
One aspect of raccoon behavior is so well known that it gives the animal part of its scientific name, Procyon lotor; lotor is Latin for 'washer'. In the wild, raccoons often dabble for underwater food near the shore-line. They then often pick up the food item with their front paws to examine it and rub the item, sometimes to remove unwanted parts. This gives the appearance of the raccoon "washing" the food. The tactile sensitivity of raccoons' paws is increased if this rubbing action is performed underwater, since the water softens the hard layer covering the paws.[109][162] However, the behavior observed in captive raccoons in which they carry their food to water to "wash" or douse it before eating has not been observed in the wild.[163][164] Naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, believed that raccoons do not have adequate saliva production to moisten food thereby necessitating dousing, but this hypothesis is now considered to be incorrect.[162][163][165][166] Captive raccoons douse their food more frequently when a watering hole with a layout similar to a stream is not farther away than 3 m (10 ft).[166] The widely accepted theory is that dousing in captive raccoons is a fixed action pattern from the dabbling behavior performed when foraging at shores for aquatic foods.[162][166][167][168] This is supported by the observation that aquatic foods are doused more frequently. Cleaning dirty food does not seem to be a reason for "washing".[166]
Reproduction
Raccoons usually mate in a period triggered by increasing daylight between late January and mid-March.[169][170][171] However, there are large regional differences which are not completely explicable by solar conditions. For example, while raccoons in southern states typically mate later than average, the mating season in Manitoba also peaks later than usual in March and extends until June.[171] During the mating season, males restlessly roam their home ranges in search of females in an attempt to court them during the three- to four-day period when conception is possible. These encounters will often occur at central meeting places.[172][173][174] Copulation, including foreplay, can last over an hour and is repeated over several nights.[175] The weaker members of a male social group also are assumed to get the opportunity to mate, since the stronger ones cannot mate with all available females.[176] In a study in southern Texas during the mating seasons from 1990 to 1992, about one third of all females mated with more than one male.[177] If a female does not become pregnant or if she loses her kits early, she will sometimes become fertile again 80 to 140 days later.[178][179][180]
After usually 63 to 65 days of
Life expectancy
Captive raccoons have been known to live for more than 20 years.
Range
Habitat
Although they have thrived in sparsely wooded areas in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures to climb when they feel threatened.
Distribution in North America
Raccoons are common throughout North America from Canada to Panama, where the subspecies Procyon lotor pumilus coexists with the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus).[238][239] The population on Hispaniola was exterminated as early as 1513 by Spanish colonists who hunted them for their meat.[240] Raccoons were also exterminated in Cuba and Jamaica, where the last sightings were reported in 1687.[241] The Barbados raccoon became extinct relatively recently, in 1964. When they were still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon and Tres Marias raccoon were classified as endangered by the IUCN in 1996.[242]
There is archeological evidence that in
Distribution outside North America
As a result of escapes and deliberate
About 1,240 animals were released in nine regions of the former Soviet Union between 1936 and 1958 for the purpose of establishing a population to be hunted for their fur. Two of these introductions were successful – one in the south of Belarus between 1954 and 1958, and another in Azerbaijan between 1941 and 1957. With a seasonal harvest of between 1,000~1,500 animals, in 1974 the estimated size of the population distributed in the Caucasus region was around 20,000 animals and the density was four animals per square kilometer (10 animals per square mile).[253]
Distribution in Japan
In Japan, up to 1,500 raccoons were imported as pets each year after the success of the anime series Rascal the Raccoon (1977). In 2004, the descendants of discarded or escaped animals lived in 42 of 47 prefectures.[254][255][256] The range of raccoons in the wild in Japan grew from 17 prefectures in 2000 to all 47 prefectures in 2008.[257] It is estimated that raccoons cause thirty million yen (~$275,000) of agricultural damage on Hokkaido alone.[258]
Distribution in Germany
In Germany – where the raccoon is called the Waschbär (literally, 'wash-bear' or 'washing bear') due to its habit of "dousing" food in water – two pairs of pet raccoons were released into the German countryside at the Edersee reservoir in the north of Hesse in April 1934 by a forester upon request of their owner, a poultry farmer.[259] He released them two weeks before receiving permission from the Prussian hunting office to "enrich the fauna".[260] Several prior attempts to introduce raccoons in Germany had been unsuccessful.[261][262] A second population was established in eastern Germany in 1945 when 25 raccoons escaped from a fur farm at Wolfshagen (today district of Altlandsberg), east of Berlin, after an air strike. The two populations are parasitologically distinguishable: 70% of the raccoons of the Hessian population are infected with the roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis, but none of the Brandenburgian population is known to have the parasite.[263] In the Hessian region, there were an estimated 285 raccoons in 1956, which increased to over 20,000 in 1970; in 2008 there were between 200,000 and 400,000 raccoons in the whole of Germany.[206][261] By 2012 it was estimated that Germany now had more than a million raccoons.[264]
The raccoon was once a protected species in Germany, but has been declared a
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The raccoon is extensively hunted in Germany as it is seen as an invasive species and pest.[267][268] In the 1990s, only about 400 raccoons were hunted yearly. This increased dramatically over the next quarter-century: during the 2015–2016 hunting season, 128,100 raccoons were hunted, 60 percent of them in the state of Hesse.[269]
Distribution in the former Soviet Union
Experiments in acclimatising raccoons into the
Urban raccoons
Due to its adaptability, the raccoon has been able to use
Health
Raccoons can carry
Unlike rabies and at least a dozen other pathogens carried by raccoons, distemper, an epizootic virus, does not affect humans.[286][287] This disease is the most frequent natural cause of death in the North American raccoon population and affects individuals of all age groups.[206] For example, 94 of 145 raccoons died during an outbreak in Clifton, Ohio, in 1968.[288] It may occur along with a following inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), causing the animal to display rabies-like symptoms.[277] In Germany, the first eight cases of distemper were reported in 2007.[206]
Some of the most important
While not endemic, the worm Trichinella does infect raccoons,[291] and undercooked raccoon meat has caused trichinosis in humans.[292]
Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect raccoons.[293]
Relationship with humans
Conflicts
Raccoons have become notorious in urban areas for consuming food waste. They possess impressive problem-solving abilities and can break into all but the most secure food waste bins, which has earned them the derisive nickname trash panda.[294] The presence of raccoons in close proximity to humans may be undesirable, as raccoon droppings (like most wild animals) contain parasites and other disease vectors. Raccoon roundworm is of particular concern to public health. It can be contracted in humans by accidental ingestion or inhalation of the eggs, which are present in the feces of infected raccoons. While usually harmless to the host, it causes progressive neurological damage in humans, and is eventually fatal if untreated. It is found in about 60% of adult raccoons. The general presence of raccoons in an area is not typically of concern, but nests or droppings found within or near structures should be destroyed. Roundworm eggs are very robust and bleach alone is insufficient; burning or treatment with hot solutions of sodium hydroxide is required. The keeping of raccoons as pets is illegal in some jurisdictions due to these risks.[295][296]
The increasing number of raccoons in urban areas has resulted in diverse reactions in humans, ranging from outrage at their presence to deliberate feeding.[297] Some wildlife experts and most public authorities caution against feeding wild animals because they might become increasingly obtrusive and dependent on humans as a food source.[298] Other experts challenge such arguments and give advice on feeding raccoons and other wildlife in their books.[299][300] Raccoons without a fear of humans are a concern to those who attribute this trait to rabies, but scientists point out this behavior is much more likely to be a behavioral adjustment to living in habitats with regular contact to humans for many generations.[263][301] Raccoons usually do not prey on domestic cats and dogs, but isolated cases of killings have been reported.[302] Attacks on pets may also target their owners.[303]
While overturned waste containers and raided fruit trees are just a nuisance to homeowners, it can cost several thousand dollars to repair damage caused by the use of attic space as dens.
Among all fruits and crops cultivated in agricultural areas, sweet corn in its milk stage is particularly popular among raccoons.[309][310] In a two-year study by Purdue University researchers, published in 2004, raccoons were responsible for 87% of the damage to corn plants.[311] Like other predators, raccoons searching for food can break into poultry houses to feed on chickens, ducks, their eggs, or food.[150][285][312]
Mythology, arts, and entertainment
In the
The raccoon also appears in Native American art across a wide geographic range.
Hunting and fur trade
The fur of raccoons is used for clothing, especially for
After persistent population increases began in the 1940s, the seasonal
Food
While primarily hunted for their fur, raccoons were also a source of food for Native Americans and early American settlers.
Although the idea of eating raccoons may seem repulsive to most mainstream consumers, who see them as endearing, cute, or vermin, several thousand raccoons are still eaten each year in the United States, primarily in the Southern United States.[345][346][347][348] Some people tout the taste of the meat.[349]
Other uses
In addition to the fur and meat, the raccoon
Pet raccoons
Raccoons are sometimes kept as pets, which is discouraged by many experts because the raccoon is not a domesticated species. Raccoons may act unpredictably and aggressively and it is extremely difficult to teach them to obey commands.[355][356] In places where keeping raccoons as pets is not forbidden, such as in Wisconsin and other U.S. states, an exotic pet permit may be required.[357][358] One notable pet raccoon was Rebecca, kept by US president Calvin Coolidge.[359]
Their propensity for unruly behavior exceeds that of captive skunks, and they are even less trustworthy when allowed to roam freely. Because of their intelligence and nimble forelimbs, even inexperienced raccoons are easily capable of unscrewing jars, uncorking bottles and opening door latches, with more experienced specimens having been recorded to open door knobs.[127] Sexually mature raccoons often show aggressive natural behaviors such as biting during the mating season.[355][360] Neutering them at around five or six months of age decreases the chances of aggressive behavior developing.[361] Raccoons can become obese and suffer from other disorders due to poor diet and lack of exercise.[362] When fed with cat food over a long time period, raccoons can develop gout.[363] With respect to the research results regarding their social behavior, it is now required by law in Austria and Germany to keep at least two individuals to prevent loneliness.[364][365] Raccoons are usually kept in a pen (indoor or outdoor), also a legal requirement in Austria and Germany, rather than in the apartment where their natural curiosity may result in damage to property.[364][365][355][366][367]
When orphaned, it is possible for kits to be
Local and indigenous names
Linguistic group or area | Local / Indigenous name |
---|---|
Canadian French | Raton laveur[370] |
Choco | Touaru[371] |
Cocopah | NYmaṣ[372] |
Cree |
Es'-see-ban[373] |
Creek |
Wot•ko[374] |
Lakota | wičhítegleǧa, wičhá[375] |
Lenape | Nahënëm[376] |
Louisiana French | Chaoui[377] |
Mayan |
Culu[371] |
Miskito | Suksuk[371] |
Nahuatl |
Mapachitli[14] |
Navajo | Tábąąh mą'ii[378] |
Nez Perce | K'ayk'áyoc[379] |
Oglala Lakota | Wee'-cha[373] |
Ojibwe | Es'-see-pan[373] |
Omaha–Ponca | miká[380] |
Pawnee | Icat[381] |
Spanish | Mapache[371] Mapachín[371] Tejón[371] Gato manglatero[371] |
Wintu | Qari•lit[382] |
Yankton Dakota |
Way-atch-a[373] |
See also
- Cozumel raccoon, an endangered species in the Yucatán Peninsula
- Crab-eating raccoon, of Central and South America, eats crustaceans amongst other things
- Raccoon dog, native to East Asia
Explanatory notes
- ^ Other nicknames were "Alabama toothpick", "Arkansas toothpick", "mountain man toothpick" and "Texas toothpick".
Citations
- . Retrieved February 19, 2022.
- ^ "Procyon lotor". Natureserve Explorer. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
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- ^ Crossan, Ashley (November 18, 2015). "'The Night Before' Star Anthony Mackie Perfectly Details How to Cook a Raccoon". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ Zeveloff 2002, p. 5.
- ISBN 978-1-4696-5356-3.
...the raccoon penis bone that Popcorn Sutton stuck through his trademark fedora and used to ensure that the condensed moonshine flowed smoothly into a collection container.
- ^ Charlotte Collins Bond. "Coonrod: Arkansas Tooth-pick." Madison County GAGenWeb archives. 1998. (Reprinted) Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-60734-367-7. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.raccoon penis bones became a fad in 2004, and celebrities such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Vanessa Williams were photographed wearing them. New Orleans gamblers are said to use the bones (also called coon dogs and Texas toothpicks) for luck.
In the hoodoo (folk magic) tradition of the American South, a raccoon penis bone (scientifically known as the baculum) is a lucky charm used to attract love. In some areas, it's boiled to remove any trace of the animal, and then tied to a red ribbon and worn as a necklace. In other areas, the bones were traditionally given to girls and young women by suitors, and in still other places, the charms are worn by men. Earrings made from cast
- ^ "'Corn from a Jar' Traces Moonshine's Smoky Mountain History". Knoxville Daily Sun. June 29, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bartussek 2004, p. 44.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, pp. 173–174.
- ^ MacClintock 1981, p. 129.
- ^ Bluett, Robert; Craven, Scott (1999). "The Raccoon (Procyon lotor)" (PDF). Cooperative Extension. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ISBN 9780307417312
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, pp. 185–186.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, p. 186.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, p. 185.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, p. 180.
- ^ a b Gutachten über Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren (PDF) (in German). Bonn, Germany: Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft. June 10, 1996. pp. 42–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
- ^ a b Mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von Säugetieren (PDF) (in German). Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen. December 17, 2004. p. 23. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, pp. 184, 187.
- ^ MacClintock 1981, pp. 130–131.
- ^ MacClintock 1981, p. 130.
- ^ Hohmann, Bartussek & Böer 2001, pp. 175–176.
- ^ "Faune et flore du pays - Le raton laveur". www.hww.ca.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-534322-0
- ISBN 0-520-09749-1
- ^ a b c d Seton 1909, pp. 1010
- ISBN 0-8032-8302-4
- ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
- ^ "nahënëm". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015.
- ISBN 978-1604734034.
- ISBN 0-8263-3825-9
- ISBN 0-520-09763-7
- ^ "Omaha Ponca Dictionary Omaha".
- ISBN 0-8032-1926-1
- ISBN 0-520-09613-4
General and cited sources
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raccoon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Bartussek, Ingo (2004). Die Waschbären kommen (in German). Niedenstein, Germany: Cognitio. ISBN 978-3-932583-10-0.
- Goldman, Edward A.; Jackson, Hartley H.T. (1950). Raccoons of North and Middle America. North American Fauna. Vol. 60. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service – via Internet Archive.
- Heptner, V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (2002). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae & Procyonidae). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4– via Internet Archive.
- Hohmann, Ulf; Bartussek, Ingo; Böer, Bernhard (2001). Der Waschbär (in German). Reutlingen, Germany: Oertel+Spörer. ISBN 978-3-88627-301-0.
- Holmgren, Virginia C. (1990). Raccoons in Folklore, History and Today's Backyards. Santa Barbara, California: Capra Press. ISBN 978-0-88496-312-7.
- Lagoni-Hansen, Anke (1981). Der Waschbär (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-037-4.
- MacClintock, Dorcas (1981). A Natural History of Raccoons. Caldwell, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 978-1-930665-67-5.
- Seton, Ernest Thompson (1909). Life-histories of northern animals: an account of the mammals of Manitoba. New York City: Scribner – via Internet Archive.
- Zeveloff, Samuel I. (2002). Raccoons: A Natural History. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1-58834-033-7– via Internet Archive.
External links
- Raccoon Tracks – general information about raccoons
- Raccoons – Living with Wildlife – information about dealing with urban raccoons from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
- "Raccoon Nation". Nature. PBS. 2012.
- The Biology and Management of the Raccoon, c. 1970, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel