Racer's hurricane
Racer's hurricane was a destructive
The effects of the tropical cyclone were far-reaching. Matamoros, on the southern bank of the Rio Grande, faced hurricane conditions for several days, with significant damage to ships. Many towns along the Texas shoreline were inundated by storm surge, which flooded the coastal plains for many miles inland. Galveston Island was devastated, with nearly every building washed away and most vessels driven ashore. To the east, a water level rise of 8 ft (2.4 m) on Lake Pontchartrain submerged low-lying areas of New Orleans. Many steamboats on the lake were wrecked and buildings along its shores demolished. Storm surge and wind damage extended into Mississippi and Alabama, but with less severity. In the interior Southeast, sugar cane and cotton crops bore heavy losses. As the weakening storm buffeted the Outer Banks of North Carolina on October 9, the passenger steamship SS Home ran aground about 300 ft (91 m) off Cape Hatteras and rapidly broke up in the pounding surf. About 90 passengers and crewmen died in the wreck. Overall, Racer's hurricane killed an estimated 105 people.
Meteorological history
Little is known about the origins of the storm. It was first noted at
As Racer endured the gale, another vessel to her north,
At
Efforts to reconstruct the hurricane's path began as early as 1838 with the work of
Impact
Ludlum described Racer's storm as "one of the most famous and destructive hurricanes of the century."[1] It killed an estimated 105 people along its course.[21]
In Jamaica, heavy rainfall triggered widespread street flooding, forcing nearly all businesses in Kingston to close for the duration of the storm. Along the coast, several ships broke from their moorings; one of them struck a wharf, damaging another vessel, and was scuttled to prevent further destruction.[22] Haiti and the southern shores of Cuba also experienced the storm.[7]
Mexico
Texas
The storm wrought destruction along the entire coast of Texas (then the sovereign Republic of Texas and disputed Nueces Strip). The settlement at Brazos Santiago was almost totally destroyed, with only a few buildings left standing, while all ships there were sunk or driven aground.[7][13] Communities along the shores of Matagorda Bay were heavily damaged, with buildings and wharves swept away.[5] Farther north, a 6 to 7 ft (1.8 to 2.1 m) storm surge flooded Galveston Island, where nearly every building was lost, along with all supplies and provisions.[13] Of the 30 vessels present in the harbor at Galveston when the storm began, only one remained moored following its passage.[24] In one case, a brig was driven against a three-story warehouse, causing the building to collapse.[13][24] Among the ships destroyed at Galveston were two Texas Navy schooners. In a scene of "utter desolation", some individuals in Galveston survived the flooding by holding on to floating debris for days.[24]
Floodwaters rushed over coastal prairies for up to 20 mi (30 km), drowning livestock.[7][25] The storm surge deposited ships in fields several miles inland; near Sabine Pass, a three-masted barque came to rest 7 mi (11 km) from the coast. Local residents salvaged its timbers as firewood and building materials for decades to come.[13] Heavy surf action significantly altered the coastline at the entrance to Galveston Bay. Houston experienced a 4 ft (1.2 m) rise in water levels.[13] Despite the damage throughout coastal Texas, only two people are known to have died there, one of them in Galveston.[24]
United States
In New Orleans, the storm produced an 8 ft (2.4 m) storm surge on Lake Pontchartrain that flooded parts of the city as far south as Burgundy Street, with water 2 ft (0.6 m) deep invading many homes.[17] Strong winds in the city toppled chimneys, brought down trees and fences, and unroofed homes, carrying some roofs up to 100 ft (30 m) away from the damaged buildings. In particular, the City Exchange hotel (now the site of the Omni Royal Orleans) was extensively damaged while in the final stages of its construction.[26][27] Overall, hundreds of structures were damaged or destroyed in New Orleans, and shipping losses took a large economic toll on the city.[7]
In the settlement known then as
All the wharves along the coast of Mississippi were destroyed,
Throughout the Southeast, the storm caused severe agricultural damage. Major thoroughfares like the Natchez Trace and the Federal Road were made impassable by fallen trees.[7] Reports of strong winds extended as far inland as eastern Tennessee.[17] At Norfolk, Virginia, northeasterly gales on October 8 and 9 kept steamboats at dock.[18] Several ships were lost along the Outer Banks.[30] The schooner Cumberland wrecked on the Core Banks; all crew members survived and some of her cargo was salvaged.[31] To the north, the brig Enterprize was destroyed at Bodie Island with one fatality.[32] One sailor fell overboard and drowned when the schooner Emily ran aground at Swansboro, North Carolina.[33]
SS Home
The newly built passenger steamship
The largely submerged Home rapidly broke up amid the hurricane's pounding surf, and of the 130 people aboard the steamboat, only about 40 made it to shore alive: 20 out of 90 passengers and 20 crew members, including the captain.[35] There were only three lifeboats, two of which were destroyed before they could be used; the other capsized shortly after being launched, drowning between 10 and 15 passengers.[37][38] Two men used the only two life preservers aboard the Home to safely reach the beach.[37] Among the victims were United States Senator from Georgia Oliver H. Prince and his wife, and numerous relatives of other Congressmen.[39] The wreck of the Home occurred during a period of increasingly frequent passenger steamship tragedies, and in 1838 Congress passed reformed safety legislation for these vessels.[40]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b Ludlum, p. 144
- (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ a b "180th Anniversary of Racer's Hurricane". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Hurricane Research Division. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ a b Geiser, p. 60
- ^ a b c d e f Ludlum, p. 145
- ^ Reid, p. 135
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glass, James L (Summer 2008). "Racer's Storm: The Benchmark Hurricane of 1837" (PDF). Houston History. Vol. 5, no. 3. University of Houston. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ Reid, p. 136
- ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 190
- ^ a b Reid, p. 133
- ^ a b Elsner, James. "Storm 9 – 1837 – Possible Track" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ Redfield, p. 34
- ^ a b c d e f Roth, David (January 17, 2010). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ a b Geiser, p. 61
- ^ Roth, David (July 16, 2001). "Virginia Hurricane History: Early Nineteenth Century". Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ Redfield, p. 33
- ^ a b c d e f g Ludlum, p. 146
- ^ a b Elsner, James. "1837 – No. 2 – Racer's Storm – Oct. 1–6 – Pt. 2" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^ Reid, p. 143
- ^ Redfield, pp. 31–32
- ^ National Hurricane Center (January 20, 2016). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ Reid, p. 141
- ^ a b c d Ludlum, pp. 145–146
- ^ "Texas". Democratic Free Press. November 15, 1837. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Roth, David (April 8, 2010). "Louisiana Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service Camp Springs, Maryland. pp. 15–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ a b Hudgins, James E. (October 2007). "Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina Since 1856 – An Historical Perspective" (PDF). National Weather Service Blacksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ Stick, p. 245
- ^ a b c Ludlum, p. 147
- ^ a b c Fraser, p. 110
- ^ Howland, p. 18
- ^ a b Fraser, p. 111
- ^ Howland, p. 29
- ^ Fraser, p. 112
- ^ Voulgaris, pp. 3–4
Sources
- Fitzpatrick, Patrick J. (2006). Hurricanes: A Reference Handbook (Second ed.). ISBN 978-1-85109-647-3. Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- Fraser, Walter J. Jr. (2009). Lowcountry Hurricanes. ISBN 978-0-8203-2866-9.
- Geiser, Samuel W. (1944). "Racer's storm (1837) with notes on other Texas hurricanes in the period 1818–1886" (PDF). Field & Laboratory. 12 (2). Southern Methodist University Press: 59–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- Howland, Southworth Allen (1840). Steamboat disasters and railroad accidents in the United States : to which is appended accounts of recent shipwrecks, fires at sea, thrilling incidents, etc. Dorr, Howland & Co.
- ISBN 978-0-933876-16-3.
- Redfield, William C. (1846). On Three Several Hurricanes of the Atlantic, and Their Relations to the Northers of Mexico and Central America: With Notices of Other Storms. B.L. Hamlen.
- Reid, William (1850). An attempt to develop the law of storms by means of facts: arranged according to place and time; and hence to point out a cause for the variable winds, with the view to practical use in navigation (3rd ed.). John Weale.
- Stick, David (2000). Graveyard of the Atlantic: Shipwrecks of the North Carolina Coast. ISBN 978-0-8078-6709-9. Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- Voulgaris, Barbara (2009). From Steamboat Inspection Service to U.S. Coast Guard: Marine Safety in the United States from 1838–1946 (PDF) (Report). United States Coast Guard. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.