Supremacism

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Not to be confused with suprematism.

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Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to all others.

age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, language, social class, ideology, nationality, culture
, or belong to any other part of a particular population.

Sexual

"Male supremacy" redirects here. For similar concepts, see male dominance.
Further information:
Female privilege, Radical feminism, Misandry, Misogyny, Sexism, and Transphobia

Some feminist theorists[2] have argued that in patriarchy, a standard of male "supremacism" is enforced through a variety of cultural, political, religious, sexual, and interpersonal strategies.[2][3] Since the 19th century there have been a number of feminist movements opposed to male supremacism, usually aimed at achieving equal legal rights and protections for women in all cultural, political and interpersonal relations.[4][5][6]

Racial

Main article: Race (human categorization)
Further information:
Japanese Fascism, Uyoku dantai, Korean ethnic nationalism, Indocentrism, Sinocentrism, Han chauvinism, Nazi racial theories, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Racism, Institutional racism, Scientific racism, and Racial segregation

Centuries of

dehumanized perception as "merciless Indian savages", as described in the United States Declaration of Independence.[11][12]

During the 19th century, "The White Man's Burden", the phrase which refers to the thought that whites have the obligation to make the societies of the other peoples more 'civilized', was widely used to justify imperialist policies as a noble enterprise.[13][14] Thomas Carlyle, known for his historical account of the French Revolution, The French Revolution: A History, argued that European supremacist policies were justified on the grounds that they provided the greatest benefit to "inferior" native peoples.[15] However, even at the time of its publication in 1849, Carlyle's main work on the subject, the Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question, was poorly received by his contemporaries.[16]

Before the outbreak of the

Reconstruction period, which it did so through violence and intimidation.[19]

According to William Nichols,

ethnic grounds. "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion ... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon baptism." However, with racial antisemitism, "Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism ... . From the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."[20]

One of the first

Nazi racist ideology.[23]

The

white supremacist in his writings on the subject by the ADL[27] and his own university psychology department.[28]

black supremacist religious views arose in America as a part of black Muslim theology in response to white supremacism.[29]

In

Arab racism.[31]
For example, in their analysis of the sources of the conflict, Julie Flint and
back door to Chad". As a result, the first signs of an "Arab racist political platform" appeared in Darfur in the early 1980s.[32]

In Asia, ancient Indians considered all foreigners barbarians. The Muslim scholar Al-Biruni wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure.[33] A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "Hindus look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcaste) and a European are on the same level."[33] The Chinese considered the Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered them devils. Chinese writers also referred to foreigners as barbarians.[34]

Nazi Germany

Main articles: Völkisch movement, White supremacy § Germany, Nazism, Nazi racial theories, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, and The Holocaust

From 1933 to 1945,

ancien régime in France on racial intermixing, which he believed had destroyed the purity of the Nordic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a large and strong following in Germany, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and Jewish cultures.[35]

Religious

See also: Fundamentalism

Christian

See also: Christian fundamentalism, Mormon fundamentalism, and Traditionalist Catholicism

Academics Carol Lansing and Edward D. English argue that

white supremacist Christian organization, as are many other white supremacist groups, such as the Posse Comitatus and the Christian Identity and Positive Christianity movements.[39][40]

Islamic

See also: Islamic extremism, Islamic fundamentalism, and Political Islam
Further information:
Islamization

Academics

African slave trade, the early-20th-century pan-Islamism promoted by Abdul Hamid II,[42] the jizya and rules of marriage in Muslim countries being imposed on non-Muslims,[43] and the majority Muslim interpretations of the rules of pluralism in Malaysia. According to scholar Bernard Lewis, classical Islamic jurisprudence imposes an open-ended duty on Muslims to expand Muslim rule and Islamic law to all non-Muslims throughout the world.[44]

North Africa has had numerous incidents of massacres and

had left Muslim-majority countries, moving primarily to Israel, France, and the United States.[50] The reasons for the Jewish exodus are varied and disputed.[50]

Jewish

Main article: Jewish fundamentalism
Further information: Kahanism, Noahidism, and Religious Zionism
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Ilan Pappé, an expatriate Israeli historian, writes that the First Aliyah to Israel "established a society based on Jewish supremacy" within "settlement-cooperatives" that were Jewish owned and operated.[51] Joseph Massad, a professor of Arab studies, holds that "Jewish supremacism" has always been a "dominating principle" in religious and secular Zionism.[52][53] Zionism was established with the goal of creating a sovereign Jewish state, where Jews could be the majority, rather than the minority. Theodor Herzl, the ideological father of Zionism, considered antisemitism as an eternal feature of all societies in which Jews lived as minorities, and as a result, he believed that only a separation could allow Jews to escape eternal persecution. "Let them give us sovereignty over a piece of the Earth's surface, just sufficient for the needs of our people, then we will do the rest!"[54]

Since the 1990s,

Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of imperialism".[58][59][60]

In the aftermath of the

2019–2022 Israeli political crisis, this was the fifth legislative election in nearly four years, as no party since 2019 had been able to form a stable coalition.[62][63] Jewish-American columnist David E. Rosenberg said the Religious Zionist Party's "platform includes things like annexation of West Bank settlements, expulsion of asylum-seekers, and political control of the judicial system".[61] He further described the Religious Zionist Party as a political party "driven by Jewish supremacy and anti-Arab racism".[61]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Supremacist". Merriam-Webster. November 7, 2023.
  2. ^
    superiority of men with a right to leadership in family and public life. Such beliefs derive particularly from Abrahamic religions. Patriarchal attitudes relating to sexual behaviour are mixed and inconsistent. They include, on one hand, the idea that as part of their natural inferiority, women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the rape myth
    – even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a "natural" right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not.
  3. ISBN 978-0-521-28075-4
  4. ISBN 978-0-00-722405-0
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-231-08072-9
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-691-02896-5
    .
  7. ^ Takashi Fujitani, Geoffrey Miles White, Lisa Yoneyama, Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific War(s), p. 303, 2001.
  8. JSTOR 41202851
    .
  9. ^ Finkelman, Paul (2012). Slavery in the United States. Duke University School of Law. p. 116.
  10. ^ Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). "The Monster of Monticello". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  11. ^ "Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'". The Guardian. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  12. ^ Out West. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p. 96.
  13. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5
    . ...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden.
  14. ^ Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune (February 4, 1999). "In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea". International Herald Tribune: 6.: Notes that Rudyard Kipling's new poem, "The White Man's Burden", "is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
  15. ^ "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question".
  16. ^ "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question".
  17. ^ "Constitution of the Confederate States". March 11, 1861.: "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed."
  18. ^ Alexander Stephens (March 21, 1861). "'Corner Stone' Speech".: "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition."
  19. ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, Perennial (HarperCollins), 1989, pp. 425–426.
  20. ^ Nichols, William: Christian Antisemitism, A History of Hate (1993) p. 314.
  21. OCLC 53118940
    .
  22. OCLC 53118940
    .
  23. Gallimard
    , La Découverte, 1987, 644 pages
  24. ^ "David Duke: Ideology". ADL.org. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  25. ^ "American Renaissance". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  26. ^ Duke, David. Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question. Aware Journalism, 2007.
  27. ^ "Kevin MacDonald: Ideology". archive.adl.org/. Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  28. ^ Rider, Tiffany (October 6, 2008). "Academic senate disassociates itself from Professor MacDonald". Daily 49er. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  29. ^ Cornel West, Race Matters, Beacon Press, 1993, p. 99: "The basic aim of black Muslim theology – with its distinct black supremacist account of the origins of white people – was to counter white supremacy."
  30. ^ "Racism in Sudan". February 2011.
  31. ^ "Welcome To B'nai Brith". Bnaibrith.ca. August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  32. ^ Flint and de Waal, Darfur: A New History of a Long War, rev. ed. (London and New York: Zed Books, 2008), pp. 47–49.
  33. ^ a b The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p. 313
  34. ^ The Haunting Past: Politics, Economics and Race in Caribbean Life by Alvin O. Thompson p. 210
  35. ^ Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.
  36. ISBN 978-1405109222
  37. ^ Albert Ehrman, "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel", Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Spring 1976): 86
  38. ISBN 978-1594732850
  39. ISBN 978-0847685554
  40. ^ "PublicEye.org – The Website of Political Research Associates". publiceye.org. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  41. ISBN 978-0807002292
  42. ISBN 978-1403968838
  43. ISBN 978-0-19-950469-5
  44. ^ Lewis, Bernard, The Political Language of Islam, p. 73
  45. ^ "The Forgotten Refugees – Historical Timeline". September 27, 2008. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  46. ^ Roumani, Maurice. The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, 1977, pp. 26–27.
  47. ^ "The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. February 19, 1947. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  48. ^ Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi, 1985, p. 61
  49. ^ Lewis (1986), p. 204
  50. ^
    ISBN 978-0804752961
    – via Google Books.
  51. ISBN 978-0415169479
    . Whereas the First Aliya established a society based on Jewish supremacy, the Second Aliya's method of colonization was separation from Palestinians.
  52. ^ David Hirsch, Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism Working Paper Series; discussion of Joseph Massad's "The Ends of Zionism: Racism and the Palestinian Struggle", Interventions, Vol. 5, No. 3, 440–451, 2003.
  53. ^ According to Joseph Massad's "Response to the Ad Hoc Grievance Committee Report" Archived 2006-09-13 at the Wayback Machine on his Columbia University web site during a 2002 rally he said "Israeli Jews will continue to feel threatened if they persist in supporting Jewish supremacy." Massad says others have misquoted him as saying Israel was a "Jewish supremacist and racist state." See for example David Horowitz, The professors: the 101 most dangerous academics in America, Regnery Publishing, 271, 2006
  54. ^ Herzl, Theodor (1896). "Palästina oder Argentinien?". Der Judenstaat (in German). sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de. p. 29 [31]. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g Feldman, Rachel Z. (October 8, 2017). "The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)". World Religions and Spirituality Project. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  56. ^
    Project MUSE
    .
  57. ^ a b c d e f Ilany, Ofri (September 12, 2018). "The Messianic Zionist Religion Whose Believers Worship Judaism (But Can't Practice It)". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  58. ^ Kress, Michael (2018). "The Modern Noahide Movement". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  59. ^ Staff, ToI. "Chief rabbi: Non-Jews shouldn't be allowed to live in Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  60. ^ "The Real Reason Intermarriage Is Bad for the Jews". Haaretz. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  61. ^
    ISSN 0015-7228. Archived
    from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  62. ^ Sagalyn, Dan (October 31, 2022). "Israel holds fifth election in four years as Netanyahu attempts to regain power". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  63. ^ Alsaafin, Linah; Najjar, Farah. "Israel election updates: Netanyahu set for comeback – Exit polls". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
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