Racibórz

Coordinates: 50°5′N 18°14′E / 50.083°N 18.233°E / 50.083; 18.233
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For another place, see Racibórz, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
Racibórz
Former Holy Spirit Church, now a museum, 14th century
Former Holy Spirit Church, now a museum, 14th century
Car plates
SRC
National roads
Voivodeship roads
Websitewww.raciborz.pl

Racibórz (pronounced [raˈt͡ɕibuʂ] ⓘ, German: Ratibor, Czech: Ratiboř, Silesian: Racibōrz) is a city in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Racibórz County.

With Opole, Racibórz is one of the historic capitals of Upper Silesia, being the residence of the Dukes of Racibórz from 1172 to 1521.

Geography

The city is situated in the southwest of the voivodeship on the upper Oder river, near the border with the Polish Opole Voivodeship and the Czech Republic. The Racibórz Basin (Kotlina Raciborska) forms the southeastern extension of the Silesian Lowlands, surrounded by the Opawskie Mountains in the west (part of the Eastern Sudetes), the Silesian Upland in the north, and the Moravian Gate in the south. The town centre is located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) southwest of Katowice and about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southeast of the regional capital Wrocław.

As of 2019, the city has a population of approximately 55,000 inhabitants. From 1975 to 1998, it belonged to Katowice Voivodeship.

History

Until the end of the 5th century AD, the lands of the later Racibórz settlement were inhabited by

hill fort where the old trade route from the Moravian Gate down to Kraków crossed the Oder river. There is a possibility that Racibórz was mentioned in a work of the "Bavarian Geographer" in 845 (this document mentions five strongholds of the Slavic Golensizi (Golenshitse, Holasici in Czech), a proto-Polish tribe, probably Racibórz was one of them).[2] The name Racibórz is of Slavic
origin and probably is derived from the name of one Duke Racibor, the city's founder.

Middle Ages

Racibórz Castle

However, the first confirmed mention of Racibórz was made in 1108 in the

Testament of Bolesław III
in the following year.

Racibórz was an important center of beer production, and the townspeople enjoyed a privilege that allowed brewing already in the early 12th century.[4] Brewing was an important source of the town's income, and local beer was popular not only in Silesia, but also in neighboring Czechia.[4]

From 1155, Racibórz was the seat of a

Mieszko I Tanglefoot upon the first partition of Silesia in 1172. From 1202 onwards, Duke Mieszko ruled over whole Upper Silesia as Duke of Opole and Racibórz. He had the settlement beneath his residence laid out and the area colonized by Flemish merchants, the first coin with the Polish description "MILOST" was issued in Racibórz in 1211. Mieszko's son and successor Duke Casimir I
granted the Racibórz citizens municipal privileges in 1217.

In 1241, the Poles led by local Duke

Henry IV Probus. In turn, Bishop Thomas donated a college of canons at Racibórz Castle, dedicated to Saint Thomas of Canterbury. Duke Przemysław also founded a Dominican nunnery and his daughter Euphemia became its first prioress in 1313. Around 1300, the Dominican friar Peregrine of Opole
compiled his Sermones de tempore and Sermones de sanctis collections.

Gradual of Racibórz (Graduał raciborski)

From 1299 onwards, Racibórz was ruled by an autonomous city council according to Magdeburg town law. When in 1327 Duke Leszek of Racibórz paid homage to the Luxembourg king John of Bohemia, his duchy became a Bohemian fiefdom. The Bohemian feudal suzerainty, confirmed in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin, led to the seizure of Racibórz as a reverted fief, when the line of the Silesian Piasts became extinct upon Duke Leszek's death in 1336. The next year King John enfeoffed Leszek's brother-in-law Duke Nicholas II of Opava with the duchy, which from that time on was ruled by the Opava cadet branch of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The Racibórz citizens retained their autonomy and the town developed to an important commercial centre for the region with significant cloth, tanning and brewing industries.

Modern Era

Contemporary map of 16th-century Racibórz

When the last Přemyslid duke Valentin died and was buried in the Dominican church in 1521, Racibórz according to a 1512 inheritance treaty fell to the

Marie Casimire.[5]

After the

Victor of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in 1834, who was vested with the title of a "Duke of Ratibor" by King Frederick William IV of Prussia in 1840. At that time, Ratibor had already lost its status as a residential town, while the princes held court in the secularised monastery of Rudy (then officially Groß Rauden). In the 19th century, Prussian policies increased the Germanisation. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising in 1863.[7] Ratibor became part of the German Empire
in 1871.

20th century

According to the Prussian census of 1910, the city of Ratibor had a population of 38,424, of which around 60% spoke German, 30% spoke Polish and 10% were bilingual.

Upper Silesian plebiscite was held in 1921, in which 90.9% of votes in Ratibor town were for Germany and 9.1% were for Poland.[9] Consequently, the town remained in Germany, as part of the Prussian Province of Upper Silesia, and became a border town, while the present-day district of Brzezie, lying east of the Oder was reintegrated with Poland. Nazi Germany increasingly persecuted local Polish activists since 1937.[10] In May 1939, the Germans searched the local branch of the Union of Poles in Germany and arrested both its secretary Leon Czogała and Ludwika Linderówna, activist of the local Association of Polish Women.[11] In June 1939, the Gestapo seized the headquarters of local Polish organizations, which was then handed over to the Hitler Youth, while the Polish library and documents were confiscated.[12]

Volkssturm troops in the town in 1945

During the German

CDU politician Herbert Hupka at the end of his life promoted reconciliation between the former German inhabitants, including himself, and the new Polish settlers and administration of Racibórz. In 1997, a flood
devastated the town.

Climate

Racibórz has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[21][22]

Climate data for Racibórz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.7
(99.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		37.7
(99.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		13.9
(57.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) −29.7
(−21.5) 		−28.8
(−19.8) 		−23.2
(−9.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.5
(32.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−27.1
(−16.8) 		−29.7
(−21.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.2
(1.07) 		25.1
(0.99) 		31.4
(1.24) 		36.8
(1.45) 		68.2
(2.69) 		77.9
(3.07) 		90.7
(3.57) 		69.3
(2.73) 		63.3
(2.49) 		46.7
(1.84) 		38.1
(1.50) 		30.1
(1.19) 		604.8
(23.81)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.7
(2.6) 		6.2
(2.4) 		3.1
(1.2) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		2.0
(0.8) 		3.8
(1.5) 		6.7
(2.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.03 13.52 13.89 11.50 13.83 13.53 14.20 11.93 11.80 12.83 13.63 14.10 159.80
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 14.9 13.3 5.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.6 9.4 47.8
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		84.9 82.2 77.3 71.2 73.7 75.3 73.7 73.4 79.1 82.7 85.9 86.2 78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.1 67.0 116.0 179.8 220.7 224.1 240.7 235.2 153.4 107.4 56.7 41.4 1,689.5
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[31][32][33]

Districts

  • Centrum
  • Nowe Zagrody
  • Ocice
  • Stara Wieś
  • Miedonia
  • Ostróg
  • Markowice
  • Płonia
  • Brzezie
  • Sudół
  • Studzienna
  • Obora

Culture

The officially protected traditional beverage from Racibórz is local beer, which is produced in various styles (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland).[4]

Sports

Racibórz Critical Mass in 2009

The local men's football team is KP Unia Racibórz. It competes in the lower leagues, however, it played in the Polish top division in the past. Defunct women's football club RTP Unia Racibórz was also based in the town. It played in Poland's top division, and won five consecutive national championships from 2009 to 2013.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Racibórz is twinned with:[34]

Former twin towns:

  • Russian invasion of Ukraine)[35]

Gallery

  • Parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
    Parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
  • Prison Tower
    Prison Tower
  • Saint James church
    Saint James church
  • Chapel of St. Thomas Becket
    Chapel of St. Thomas Becket
  • Church of John the Baptist
    Church of John the Baptist
  • District Court
    District Court
  • Sobieski Oak
    Sobieski Oak

References

  1. ^ "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 19 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 2411011.
  2. ISBN 978-83-89802-73-6
    (pl)
  3. ISBN 978-83-89802-73-6
    (pl)
  4. ^ a b c "Piwo raciborskie". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  5. ^ Paweł Freus. "Jan III Sobieski na Śląsku w drodze na odsiecz Wiedniowi roku 1683". Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie (in Polish). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  6. ^ "Historia Powiatu Prudnickiego - Starostwo Powiatowe w Prudniku". 2020-11-16. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  7. ^ Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish) (4): 418.
  8. ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5
    .
  9. ^ "Aktuelle News, Schlagzeilen und Berichte aus aller Welt - Arcor.de". www.arcor.de. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  10. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 24.
  11. ^ Cygański, p. 28
  12. ^ Cygański, p. 27
  13. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 58.
  14. ^ Cygański, p. 33-34
  15. ^ "Zuchthaus und Haftanstalt Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Polenlager Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Ratibor". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  18. ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  19. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk
    : 377.
  20. ^ "The Death Marches". Sub Camps of Auschwitz. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  21. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
    .
  22. ISSN 1027-5606
    .
  23. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Racibórz Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Racibórz Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Racibórz Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  34. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". raciborz.pl (in Polish). Racibórz. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  35. ^ "Racibórz zrywa umowę o współpracy z Kaliningradem. Radni przegłosowali uchwałę, choć prezydent twierdził, że współpracy nie ma" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 March 2022.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Racibórz.
New International Encyclopedia article "Ratibor
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