Racism in Canada
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Discrimination |
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Racial and ethnic segregation |
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Racism in Canada traces both historical and contemporary
Overview
In a 2013 survey of 80 countries by the World Values Survey, Canada was ranked among the most racially tolerant societies in the world.[2] In 2021, the Social Progress Index ranked Canada 6th in the world for overall tolerance and inclusion.[3][4]
Canadian author and journalist
Canadian law uses the term "
In 2019, the English and Art departments at
Examples
Indigenous Peoples
Canada's treatment of First Nations people is governed by the Indian Act. The Canadian Indian Act helped inspire South Africa's apartheid policies.[18] Many Indigenous people were forced into
In 1999 the Canadian government created an autonomous territory, Nunavut, for the Inuit living in the Arctic and northernmost parts of the country. The Inuit compose 85% of the population of Nunavut, which represents a new level of self-determination for the Indigenous peoples of Canada.[22]
Slavery of Aboriginals and Black Canadians
There are records of slavery in some areas of
Segregation and Ku Klux Klan
Canada had also practiced segregation, and a Canadian Ku Klux Klan exists.[24][25] Racial profiling occurs in cities such as Halifax, Toronto and Montreal.[26][27] Black people made up 3% of the Canadian population in 2016, and 9% of the population of Toronto (which has the largest communities of Caribbean and African immigrants).[28] They lived disproportionately in poverty, were three times as likely to be carded in Toronto than Whites, and incarceration rates for Blacks were climbing faster than for any other demographic. A Black Lives Matter protest was staged at Toronto Police Headquarters in March 2016.[29][30]
Order-in-Council P.C. 1911-1324
On August 12, 1911, the
Africville
In Nova Scotia, a community which mainly consisted of Black Canadians were forcibly removed and eventually razed between 1964 and 1967 after years of intentional neglect by the government in Halifax.[35]
Greek-Canadians
The 1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot was a three-day race riot in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, targeting Greek immigrants during August 2–4, 1918. It was the largest riot in the city's history and one of the largest anti-Greek riots in the world.
Jews
Jewish students were prohibited from studying at Canadian universities.[11] Canada had restrictive policies towards Jewish immigration. In 1939, Jewish refugees escaping from WWII Europe aboard the MS St Louis were not allowed to enter Canada due to racist immigration policies.[36]
While government policies have changed, antisemitism remains problematic. Jews are a tiny-and therefore more vulnerable-minority in Canada, comprising only 1.1% of the population, in 2018.[37] Partially due to the small size of the community, hate crimes against Jews (also referred to as "violent antisemitism") is the highest per-capita form of race-based violence reported in Canada.[38]
Black people
Black Canadians are discriminated in Canada.[39]
Romani people
Asian Canadians
Indo-Canadians
In 1914, Indians arriving in Canada were not allowed to enter despite being British subjects, leading to the deaths of dozens of immigrants in the Komagata Maru incident.
Chinese Canadians
Starting in 1858,
Japanese Canadians
Although a British–Japanese treaty guaranteed Japanese citizens freedom of travel, they were nevertheless subject to anti-Asian racism in Canada, though a slightly lesser degree at the time than the Chinese before World War II, as an informal agreement between the Japanese and Canadian governments limited Japanese immigration in the wake of the Vancouver anti-Asian riots.[44]
In 1942, during
COVID-19 pandemic
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Asian Canadians reported increased incidents of violent assaults, especially against women of Asian descent.[49] According to an Angus Reid survey from 22 June 2020, up to 50% of Chinese-Canadians had experienced verbal abuse, and 29% had been made to feel feared, as if they posed a threat to public safety.[50][51] Another survey of 1,600 adults conducted by ResearchCo and obtained by the Agence France-Presse revealed one in four Canadians of Asian descent (70% of whom were of Chinese descent) who lived in British Columbia knew someone within their household who had faced discrimination.[52] The survey also revealed 24 percent of Canadians of South Asian descent reported racist insults.[52] Canadians of Indigenous origin had also reported discrimination.[52]
Missing and murdered Indigenous women
The representation of murdered Indigenous women in crime statistics is not proportionate to the general population.[53] In 2006, Amnesty International researched racism specific to Indigenous women in Canada.[54] They reported on the lack of basic human rights, discrimination, and violence against Indigenous women. The Amnesty report found that First Nations women (age 25–44) with status under the Indian Act were five times more likely than other women of the same age to die as a result of violence.[55] In 2006, the documentary film Finding Dawn looked into the many missing and murdered Aboriginal women in Canada over the past three decades.[56] In September 2016, in response to repeated calls from Indigenous groups, activists, and non-governmental organizations, the Government of Canada under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, jointly with all provincial and territorial governments, established a national public inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.[57]
In 2020, the staff at a hospital in the Quebec city of Joliette were shown on video mocking and making racist remarks at an Atikamekw woman who eventually died. Indigenous leaders say the video exposes the grim realities of systemic racism that have long gone ignored or suppressed throughout Canada.[60]
See also
- Racism in Quebec
- Aboriginal land title in Canada
- Act of Union 1840
- AmINext
- Anna Mae Aquash
- Anti-Quebec sentiment
- Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal
- Canadian Aboriginal law
- Compulsory sterilization in Canada
- Continuous journey regulation
- COVID-19 racism
- Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
- Death of Tina Fontaine
- Fascism in Canada
- High Arctic relocation
- Highway of Tears murders
- Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada)
- Indigenous food security in Canada
- Indigenous land claims in Canada
- Indigenous peoples and the Canadian criminal justice system
- Indigenous specific land claims in Canada
- Montreal experiments
- MV Sun Sea incident
- Nativism (politics)#Canada
- Numbered Treaties
- October Crisis
- One Dead Indian
- Quebec City mosque shooting
- Racial separate schools (Canada)
- Redwashing
- Regulation 17
- Saskatoon freezing deaths ("Starlight tours")
- Seton Portage
- Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia
- Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
- The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples
- The Potlatch Ban
- Ukrainian Canadian internment
- 2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides
References
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{{cite web}}
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