Radical environmentalism
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Radical environmentalism is a grass-roots branch of the larger environmental movement that emerged from an ecocentrism-based frustration with the co-option of mainstream environmentalism.[1]
As a movement
Philosophy
The radical environmental movement aspires to what scholar Christopher Manes calls "a new kind of environmental activism: iconoclastic, uncompromising, discontented with traditional conservation policy, at times illegal". Radical environmentalism presupposes a need to reconsider Western ideas of religion and philosophy, including capitalism, patriarchy,[2][page needed] and globalization,[3] sometimes through "resacralising" and reconnecting with nature.[2][page needed]
The movement is typified by
History
While many people believe that the first significant radical environmentalist group was Greenpeace, which made use of direct action beginning in the 1970s to confront whaling ships and nuclear weapons testers,[6] others within the movement, argues as Earth Liberation Front (ELF) prisoner Jeff "Free" Luers, suggests that the movement was established centuries ago. He often writes that the concept of "eco-defence" was born shortly after the existence of the human race, claiming it is only recently that within the modern development of human society, and individuals losing touch with the earth and its wild roots, that more radical tactics and political theories have emerged.[3][7]
The alternative tactic of using explosive and
In 1980
The ELF gained national attention for a series of actions which earned them the label of
In 2005 the FBI announced that the ELF was America's greatest
Radical environmentalism has been called a new religious movement by Bron Taylor (1998). Taylor contends that "Radical environmentalism is best understood as a new religious movement that views environmental degradation as an assault on a sacred, natural world."[19][25]: 1326–1335
Some writers have used it to refer to the hypothetical danger of future
Offshoots
Several philosophies have arisen from ideas in radical environmentalism that include
Deep Ecology is attributed to Arne Naess and is defined as "a normative, ecophilosophical movement that is inspired and fortified in part by our experience as humans in nature and in part by ecological knowledge."[30]
A rising Deep Ecologist among radical environmentalist circles is Pentti Linkola, regarded as the founder of ecofascism, and author of the book Can Life Prevail? A Radical Approach to the Environmental Crisis.[31]
Ecofeminism originated in the 1970s and draws a parallel between the oppression of women in patriarchal societies and the oppression of the environment.[32][33][34]
Social Ecology is an idea attributed to Murray Bookchin, who argued that in order to save the environment, human society needed to copy the structure of nature and decentralize both socially and economically.[32]
Bioregionalism is a philosophy that focuses on the practical application of Social Ecology, and theorizes on "building and living in human social communities that are compatible with ecological systems".[32]
See also
- Anarchism and animal rights
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Deep ecology
- Deep Green Resistance
- Earth liberation
- Ecoterrorism
- Ecofascism
- Eco-nationalism
- Ecotage
- Environmental crime
- Extinction Rebellion
- Green syndicalism
- Greenwashing
- Guerrilla gardening
- Planet of the Humans
- Sexecology
- Social ecology
- Veganarchism
Further reading
- ISBN 1-904859-56-9
- Wall, Dereck. Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism, ISBN 0-415-19064-9
- List, Peter. Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1993. ISBN 0-534-17790-5
- Davis, John. The Earth First! Reader: Ten Years of Radical Environmentalism, Gibbs Smith, 1991. ISBN 0-87905-387-9
- de Steiguer, J.E. 2006. The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought. The University of Arizona Press. Tucson. 246 pp.
- Taylor, Bron, ed. Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and Popular Environmentalism. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1995.
- Taylor, Bron, "Radical Environmentalism" and "Earth First! and the Earth Liberation Front" in B. Taylor, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature London: Continuum International. Additional articles by Taylor about radical environmentalism, including those that explore its history and political impacts, are also available online.
- Garreau, Joel. "Environmentalism as Religion." The New Atlantis 28 (2010): 61–74.
References
- ^ a b Alberro, Heather. "Radical environmentalists are fighting climate change – so why are they persecuted?". The Conversation. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d Manes, Christopher (1990). Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization, Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
- ^ a b "A Brief Description of Radical Environmentalism". 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ SUV Armageddon Approaching? Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Car Keys, 29 August 2003.
- S2CID 234069333. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
However, actions of those movements mostly stay in the domain of classical environmentalism, without going into its more radical form. However, there are statements in literature that among radical environmentalists can be seen the whole spectrum of those who could not be described as admirers of political left-wing among others: Neopagans, Wiccans, anti-globalization protesters, Third Positionists, bioregionalists etc. (Manes 1990).
- ^ Weyler, Rex (2004). Greenpeace: How a Group of Journalists, Ecologists and Visionaries Changed the World. Rodale.
- ^ Writings from Jeff Luers Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Free Jeff Luers.
- ^ "Original ELF". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ Earth Liberation Front
- ^ Earth First's first treesitting civil disobedience action Archived 16 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Earth First! 1985, Oregon, June 1985.
- ^ Tree Spiking Memo Archived 24 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Earth First!, April 1990.
- ^ Wall, Derek (1999). Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement: Radical Environmentalism and Comparative Social Movements. Routledge.
- ^ ELF Burns Down Vail Archived 11 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine, FIRE, December 1999.
- ^ Earth Liberation Front is now FBI's No. 1 Domestic Terrorist Threat Archived 12 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Property Rights of America Foundation Inc, March 2001.
- ^ ELF News Archived 11 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Earth Liberation Front
- ^ waste & abuse - controversy over a temporary dirt road built by Vail Resortsand its effect on wetlands, BNet, 27 September 1999.
- FBI, 20 January 2006.
- ^ Resentencing date set for Jeff Luers, Freedom4um, 29 December 2007.
- ^ a b Bron Taylor. Religion, Violence and Radical Environmentalism: From Earth First! to the Unabomber to the Earth Liberation Front, 1998. 10(4)
- ^ The eco-terrorist anthrax connection, ESR, 21 October 2001.
- ^ Best, Steven and Best & Nocella (2006). Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of the Earth, Lantern Books. p. 47.
- ^ FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism, CNN, 19 May 2005.
- ^ Brown, Jonathan (1 September 2006). "The Battle of Drax: 38 held as protest fails to close plant". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Wainwright, Martin (1 September 2006). "In the shadow of Drax, not so much a fight as a festival". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ISBN 1-84371-138-9
- ISBN 978-1-44-112278-0.
- ^ "Amazon.com: The Hunger Games: Special Edition (Audible Audio Edition): Suzanne Collins, Tatiana Maslany, Scholastic Audio: Audible Books & Originals". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ Petiška, Eduard (2021). My Diary from 2091.
- ^ "How Lake Chad fuelled the ecofeminist movement". Green World. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
- ISBN 9780844817309.
- ^ "Eco-fascism is undergoing a revival in the fetid culture of the extreme right | Jason Wilson". The Guardian. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
- ^ a b c Long, Douglas (2004). Ecoterrorism (Library in a Book). New York: Facts on File. pp. 21-23.
- ISBN 9781498569279.
- ISBN 9781138053427.
External links
- A Brief Description of Radical Environmentalism, Jeff Luers, April 2005
- Green Parties World Wide
- (Hamish) Kimmins, J. P. (1993). "Ecology, environmentalism and green religion". J.P. (Hamish) Kimmins. 69 (3): 285–289. .
- Davis, Rowenna (25 June 2009). "Environmentalism: a new religion". Rowenna Davis. The Guardian.