Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori
Broadcast area | New Zealand |
---|---|
Frequency | (various AM/FM) |
Programming | |
Language(s) | English, Māori, Cook Islands Māori |
Format | Indigenous radio |
Ownership | |
Owner | Independent iwi trusts |
Technical information | |
Class | Terrestrial/Internet |
Links | |
Webcast | Live streams |
Website | Official website |
Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori (National Māori Radio Network) is a
Most stations combine an English-language
The network oversees the sharing of news bulletins, the pooling of resources and the production of network programmes.
History
Early Māori broadcasting (1928–1978)
The first Māori language to be broadcast on the radio were songs. A programme of Māori history, stories and songs were broadcast around the country on Waitangi Day 1928, and a regular programme featuring correct pronunciation of Māori began the same year. Māori broadcasters were appointed: Lou Paul of Ngāti Whātua in Auckland, Kīngi Tāhiwi of Ngāti Raukawa in Wellington, Te Ari Pītama of Ngāi Tahu in Christchurch, and broadcasting pioneer Airini Grenell of Ngāi Tahu in Dunedin.[9] The first programme entirely in the Māori language was a news bulletin about World War II and local Māori issues, presented by Wiremu Bill Parker in 1940. Other shows followed, including Nga pao me nga pakiwaitara a te Maori: song and story of the Maori, based in Wellington, and Te reo o te Māori, broadcast from Napier.
Leo Fowler set up a Māori Programmes Section of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1964, and, alongside Bill Kerekere took a mobile broadcasting studio to important Māori events. The department produced the English language Māori affairs programme Te puna wai kōrero and helped increase airtime for Māori music and show bands, including the Patea Māori Club hit Poi E.[10] Te Reo o Aotearoa, a Māori and Pacific unit of the NZBC's successor Radio New Zealand, was set up in 1978 to produce Māori and Pacific programmes.[11]
Campaign for iwi stations (1978–1990)
By the 1970s state broadcasters broadcast less than 90 minutes of Māori language and Māori interest programming a week, and there were growing concerns about the decline in fluent Māori speakers.
Tairawhiti Polytechnic head of Māori studies Joe Te Rito operated a part-time station, Te Toa Takitini, on the polytechnic's Gisborne campus in 1988 and 1989, in an effort to broadcast Rongomaiwahine-Ngāti Kahungunu's local elders and native speakers.[17] A year later he relaunched it as full-time station Radio Kahungunu in Hastings, to increase grammatical and spoken Māori language fluency, and expose the language to homes where no one spoke it.[13] Te Rito archived more than 2000 programme recordings, which he used to study and translate the tribe's distinctive dialect, teach courses on the local spoken and written language, and provide an international model for preserving dialects in other communities in Asia and the Pacific.[18][19][20]
Waitangi Tribunal challenges (1990–1994)
The Fourth Labour Government deregulated the radio industry during the 1980s, selling the rights to use radio frequencies to private companies. The Wellington Māori Language Board, Nga Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo, was supporting the self-funded Te Upoko O Te Ika, and claimed the Government's sell off of broadcasting spectrum amounted to theft.[21] Alongside the New Zealand Māori Council jointly, it challenged the spectrum sell off and the lack of support for Māori broadcasting. In one case brought through the Waitangi Tribunal, a permanent commission set up to investigate breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, they argued the treaty gave them sovereignty over the airwaves and broadcast spectrum. They sought a share of the proceeds from the sale of rights to spectrum frequencies,[22] and frequencies for their own use.[23] Other cases followed through the High Court and Court of Appeal, with one case reaching the Privy Council in London.[12]
The Government addressed the claim by instructing
Aotearoa Radio era (1994–1997)
Several iwi applied for Government funding to establish radio stations in areas with significant Māori populations, developing an iwi-based radio network. However, the new stations struggled to survive as budgets did not cover the costs, volunteer staff lost enthusiasm, staff training was inadequate, and funding was insufficient to create professional career paths for Māori radio announcers and managers. Three stations broadcast on AM frequencies, costing an extra $100,000 a year than FM frequencies, but received the same flat rate of funding.[13] Radio Ngāti Porou station manager Ngahiwi Apanui set up a joint venture between iwi stations, the national advertising agency Māori Media Network, in 1994 to increase each station's sources of revenue.[28] The Māori Communication Network was set up in 1997.[29]
Meanwhile, the first Māori language radio network, Aotearoa Radio or Irirrangi Radio, began in Auckland on 18 July 1988 on a short-term warrant, broadcasting on 1XO 603 AM.
Mai Media era (1997–2004)
In June 1998, the first Māori language radio serial began airing on iwi radio,[35] and in July 1997 NZ On Air began distributing Māori music compilation CDs to English language radio stations to promote greater air time for Māori performers and Māori language music.[36][37] Te Māngai Pāho also kept records of the percentage of Māori language in the programming of each iwi station,[38][39] and talked with stations about increasing the use of Māori language.[40]
Mai FM was commercially successful and was expanded to other regions.[46] It formed a broadcasting partnership with Ngāi Tahu's Tahu FM in Christchurch between 1996 and 2001, then tendered for a frequncey in Rotorua creating Mai FM 96.7[47] after losing that frequncey took over one of the frequencies of Te Arawa FM, 99.1FM in 1998, Also had a frequncey set up in Whangārei Mai FM 97.8[48] Ruia Mai, by contrast, reached a smaller audience of fluent Māori language speakers,[49] and focused on programmes reflecting Ngāti Whatua and Māori culture.[44] It was reliant on its news and current affairs contract with Te Māngai Pāho, and closed in 2004 when it lost the contract to bilingual radio station Radio Waatea.[42] Ngāti Whatua retained the frequency, initially leasing it out to The Voice of Samoa before using it for AKE 1179AM.[45]
Radio Waatea era (2004–present)
In 2006, Te Māngai Pāho spent $2 million upgrading studios, equipment and technical capacity for each Iwi Radio Network station.[50] Emare Rose Nikora, a leader of the Māori language revival movement, received a Queen's Service Medal for services to Māori for her role in setting up Tokoroa's Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust and Ruakawa FM. She was the station's co-founder, first Māori language newsreader, manager and board member.[28]
Whanganui's Awa FM relocated in 2012 and went through major restructuring in 2014, leaving it with just three staff members.[51][52] Gisborne's Radio Ngāti Porou was investigated by Te Māngai Pāho in 2014, and in August its financial adviser resigned.[53] In the Far North, the Tautoko FM building to the ground on 18 May 2015, cutting power to the small community of Mangamuka.[54]
Operations
Funding
Iwi radio stations receive a share $11.7 million in Government funding each year, and can each be eligible for an annual Government grant of $350,000. They also source funding from sponsorship, advertising and leasing of studio space.[55] Government-funded stations must broadcast at least eight hours of Māori language content between 6am and 12pm each day of the week.[7] Station managers are also usually required to be proficient in the Māori language.[56] Between 0.9% and 1.2% of each station's annual revenue is returned to the music industry through Recorded Music NZ,[57] with each station treated differently for licensing purposes.[58]
Between 2014 and 2018, the Iwi Radio Network received an extra $12 million to cover new operating costs and to assess the feasibility of expanding the network with new iwi stations, and $1.5 million towards archiving historic Māori language programmes. Māori Affairs Minister Pita Sharples said the extra funding would increase Māori language content and programme quality, and would ensure interviews with dead elders would be not be lost.[59] The funding was specifically allocated to increasing community engagement with iwi stations, increasing Māori language hours and expanding the number of people the network reached.[60] Network chairman Willie Jackson said many iwi stations were struggling, and welcomed and desperately needed the extra funding.[61]
Role and effectiveness
A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people, published in 2003, indicated 50 percent of Māori in Iwi Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. The results were consistent with those of similar surveys by individual stations, and countered the misconception that iwi stations reached small and specific audiences. According to the research, iwi stations were often associated with old music and interviews with elders, but many Māori listeners used it to stay in touch with their culture, family history, spirituality and community, and maintain their language skills.[8] Further Auckland University of Technology research in 2009 suggested the potential audience of iwi radio stations would increase due to the growth of New Zealand's Māori and Pacific population.[62]
Māori language advocates have recognised radio broadcasting as having a small but significant role in bringing Māori language to New Zealand audiences for more than half a century, particularly since the establishment of radio stations under iwi control.
Awards and recognition
The National Māori Radio Network has held its own annual awards since 2012. Te Upoko o te Ika was the inaugural winner of Station of the Year, Willie Jackson calling it a tribute to their work towards promoting the Māori language.[65] Taranaki's Korimako FM won Station of the Year in 2013.[66] Maniapoto FM in Te Kuiti, Moana Radio in Tauranga, Radio Ngāti Porou in Ruatoria, Te Korimako in New Plymouth and Te Hiku o te Ika in Kaitaia were finalists for Station for the Year in 2014.[3][67]
The stations are also eligible for awards at the New Zealand Radio Awards. One award, for Iwi Station of the Year, recognises radio networks or individual stations which have performed outstandingly as a champion of Māori language and culture. The station is judged on the quality and effectiveness of its Māori language use, and its programmes, client relations, community involvements, news and current affairs, personality strength, promotions and marketing campaigns.[68] Tumeke FM won Iwi Station of the Year in 2014.[69] Ngāti Porou won the award in 2013, but faced criticism about its management and financial oversight a few months later.[70]
Programmes
Days and nights
The iwi stations broadcast a range of programmes during the day, combining the use of conversational Māori with commercially viable English language programmes. Many weekend programmes cover special interests, use local Māori language dialects, or cater to local
Manawatu's Kia Ora FM broadcasts a specialist weekly science programme showcasing the research of Massey University researchers and postgraduate students.[73] Musician, actor and commentator Moana Maniapoto has hosted several iwi radio programmes since 1990, including an evening programme on Radio Waatea.[74] The Whanau Show music programme on Wellington's Te Upoko o te Ika on 6 June 1995, began touring the country in 1997, has been broadcast on nine iwi stations and is currently based at Gisborne's Turanga FM.[75]
Overnights
Moana Radio's Tai Pari Tai Timu programme is simulcast across most of the Iwi Radio Network from midnight to 6.00am every day. The show's rotating hosts discuss news, views, issues and events from the Māori world in a
Some stations have their own overnight shows. For example, Cilla Gardiner's Country Music Show airs some nights on Tokoroa's Raukawa FM.[71]
Services
News and information
Radio Waatea produces hourly bulletins for the Iwi Radio Network under a contract with Te Māngai Pāho. Its Waatea News website publishes national news articles and interviews, and bulletins for Te Hiku o Te Ika (Auckland and Northland), Tainui (Waikato), Te Korimako (Taranaki and Wanganui), Te Manuka Tutahi (Bay of Plenty), Turanganui A Kiwa (Gisborne and Hawke's Bay), and Te Upoko o Te Ika (Wellington and the South Island).[77][78] A 2013 Queensland University of Technology cited the service as an example of journalistic practices being shaped by traditional indigenous values .[79] Whitireia New Zealand runs a course preparing people to become Iwi Radio Network journalists.[80]
Iwi stations broadcast live coverage of sports games,
Other services
Most iwi stations are involved in locals events, news media and other iwi or pan-tribal activities. Tokoroa's Raukawa FM, for example, has been holding concerts since December 1990, sponsored the Tainui Games in
Each station has its own website, and most stations stream online.[88] Many of the websites were designed by Māori web developers. For example, the websites of Radio Kahungunu, Tekorimako 94.5FM and Turanga FM were the work of Ngāti Porou designer Alex Walker.[89]
Stations
Northland and Auckland
- Te Hiku Media or Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika serves the
- Tautoko FM serves the people of Ngāpuhi-nui-tonu, and began operating on 28 November 1988. It broadcasts on 99.5 FM in Mangamuka.[1][54]
- Ngāti Hine FM serves the people of Ngāti Hine and the wider Ngāpuhi iwi. It broadcasts on 99.1 FM and 99.6 FM in Whangārei.[1][91]
- Ake 1179 is the official station of urban contemporary music and traditional storytelling.[92]
- Radio Waatea is the pan-tribal station of the Manukau Urban Māori Authority. Willie Jackson, chairman of the National Māori Radio Network and the National Urban Māori Authority, is the station's chief executive, morning talkback host and political commentator. Waatea broadcasts on 603 AM in
Hauraki and Waikato
- Nga Iwi FM serves Marutūahu from the iwi of
- Radio Tainui is available across the
- Maniapoto FM is the official station of Ngāti Maniapoto. It was set up alongside tabloid newspaper Kia Hiwa Ra.[101] It broadcasts on 99.6 FM in Te Kūiti, 91.8 FM in Benneydale, 92.7 FM in Piopio, and 106.2 FM in Te Kawa.[102]
- Raukawa FM is the official station of Ngāti Raukawa. It was set up by Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust, under the leadership of Emare Rose Nikora and Whiti te-Ra Kaihau, on 23 October 1990. Many of its first hosts were Tokoroa High School students, and most of its staff are still volunteers. It broadcasts on 95.7 FM in Tokoroa, 93.2 FM in Mangakino, and 90.6 FM across the wider Waikato region.[1][28]
Bay of Plenty
- Moana Radio broadcasts to urban contemporary Tahi FM between 2003 and late 2011.[103]
- Tumeke FM broadcasts to Ngāti Awa. It was first known as Te Reo Irirangi o Te Manuka Tutāhi during a three-week AM trial run in 1990. It went to air as Tumeke FM on 6 April 1991, became Sun FM in 1994 to increase its advertising appeal, and between 1996 and 1999 worked to increase its Māori language content.[55] This classic hits station broadcasts on 96.9 FM in Whakatāne.[1]
- Sun FM 1065 was formerly broadcast on 98.5 FM but is now on 106.5 FM. Sun FM is the commercial arm of Tumeke FM and caters to an 18–35 audience, playing a Top 40 Format. The station is not funded by Te Mangai Paho.
- Bridge FM 91.7 is operated by pan-tribal service provider Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust's Radio Portfolio and is available on 91.7 FM in
- Te Arawa FM serves Te Arawa iwi, including Ngāti Pikiao, Tūhourangi and Ngāti Whakaue. It was established in the early 1980s and became a charitable entity in November 1990.[87] The station underwent a major transformation in 1993, becoming Whanau FM.[104] One of the station's frequencies was taken over by Mai FM in 1998; the other became Pumanawa FM before later reverting to Te Arawa FM. It is available on 88.7 FM in Rotorua.[1][48]
- The Heat 991 FM is the commercial arm of Te Arawa FM, and started broadcasting on 15 April 2015. This station plays an Adult Urban format catering to a 25–45 audience playing RnB, Hip Hop, Reggae and Top 40 hits from the 1980s to today, and was the first affiliated Māori station to be on the iHeartRadio streaming platform. It has plans to expand into the other Bay of Plenty regions, and also Taupo. The station is not funded by Te Mangai Paho.
Taranaki and Whanganui
- Te Korimako O Taranaki serves the iwi of the Bell Block campus of Taranaki Polytechnic in 1992, and moved to the Spotswood campus in 1993. It is available on 94.8 FM 98.4 FM across Taranaki.[1][105]
- Tuwharetoa FM is the station of
- Awa FM broadcasts to the people of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi. The station began as Te Reo Irirangi O Whanganui 100FM on 17 June 1991. Between July 1992 and June 1993 it also operated a separate station in Ohakune, known as Te Reo Irirangi Ki Ruapehu or Nga Iwi FM, combining local programmes with shows from 100FM.[107] It is available on 100.0 FM in Whanganui, 91.0 FM in Ruapehu, and 93.5 FM in Taumarunui.[1]
East Cape and Hawkes Bay
- Radio Ngāti Porou is the official station of
- Turanga FM is the station of
- Radio Kahungunu is the official station of
Central and Southern New Zealand
- Kia Ora FM serves the people of Rangitāne. It began as Radio Rangitane, or Te Reo Irirangi O Rangitane, on 1 May 1992, and adopted its current name in the 2000s. It broadcasts from Palmerston North and is available on 89.8 FM in Manawatu.[1][110]
- Atiawa Toa FM broadcasts to Te Āti Awa and Ngāti Toa. It began as Atiawa FM in 1993, broadcasting to Te Atiawa in the Hutt Valley and Wellington. It changed its name in Atiawa Toa FM in mid-1997, expanding its reach to Ngāti Toa in Porirua and Kapiti Coast. The station is based in Lower Hutt, and is available on 100.9 FM in Hutt Valley and Wellington, and on 106.9 FM in Porirua.[1][111]
- Te Upoko O Te Ika is a pan-tribal station in 2ZM.[111] The station serves Māori of all iwi, and is affiliated with Ngāti Raukawa, Ngāti Toa and Taranaki iwi.[113] It aims to immerse families and young people to the Māori language.[114] In 2014, it aligned itself to Ngāti Toa and Taranaki to secure ongoing funding.[115] The station is available on 1161 AM across Wellington.[1][116]
- Tahu FM is the official station of Sky Digital.[118] Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other iwi radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station.[119] In December 2014, it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.[1][120][121]
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