Radiopharmaceutical
ATC code V: Various |
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Other ATC codes |
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of
The main group of these compounds are the
Drug nomenclature
As with other pharmaceutical drugs, there is
Specific radiopharmaceuticals
A list of nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals follows. Some radioisotopes are used in
Calcium-47
47Ca is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca-47-Ca2+ | Bone metabolism | IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Carbon-11
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
C11-L-methyl-methionine | Brain tumour imaging Parathyroid imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Carbon-14
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
C14-Glycocholic acid | Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
C14-PABA (para-amino benzoic acid) | Pancreatic studies | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
C14-Urea | Breath test to detect Helicobacter pylori | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
C14-d-xylose | Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Chromium-51
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr51-[heart scan/blood volume | Red cell volume heart scan; sites of sequestration; gastrointestinal blood loss | IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Cr51-Cr3+ | Gastrointestinal protein loss | IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Cr51- EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
|
Glomerular filtration rate measurement | IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Cobalt-57
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co57-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) | Gastrointestinal absorption | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Cobalt-58
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co58-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) | Gastrointestinal absorption | Oral | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Erbium-169
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Er169-Colloid | Arthritic conditions | Intra-articular |
Fluorine-18
18F is a positron emitter with a half-life of 109 minutes. It is produced in medical cyclotrons, usually from oxygen-18, and then chemically attached to a pharmaceutical formulation.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
F18-FDG ( Fluorodeoxyglucose )
|
Tumor imaging Myocardial imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
F18-Sodium Fluoride | Bone imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
F18-Fluorocholine | Prostate tumor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
F18-Desmethoxyfallypride | Dopamine receptor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Gallium-67
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ga67-Ga3+ | Tumor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Ga67-Ga3+ | Infection/inflammation imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Gallium-68
68Ga is a positron emitter, with a 68-minute half-life, produced by elution from germanium-68 in a gallium-68 generator or by proton irradiation of zinc-68.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ga68-Dotatoc or Dotatate | Neuroendocrine tumor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Ga68-PSMA | Prostate cancer imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Hydrogen-3
3H or tritium is a beta emitter.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
H3-water | Total body water | Oral or IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Indium-111
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
In111-DTPA ( diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid )
|
Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (LaVeen Shunt) | intraperitoneal injection | In-vivo | Imaging the radioactive substance |
In111-DTPA ( diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid )
|
Cisternography | Intra-cisternal | In-vivo | Imaging |
In111- Leukocytes
|
Infection/inflammation imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
In111-Platelets | Thrombus imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
In111-Pentetreotide | Somatostatin receptor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
In111-Octreotide | Octreoscan )
|
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Iodine-123
Iodine-123 (I-123) is a gamma emitter. It is used only diagnostically, as its radiation is penetrating and short-lived.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
I123-Iodide | Thyroid uptake | Oral or IV | In-vivo | Non-imaging |
I123-Iodide | Thyroid imaging Thyroid metastases imaging |
Oral or IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
I123-o-Iodohippurate | Renal imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
I123-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine) | Neuroectodermal tumour imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
I123-FP-CIT | SPECT imaging of Parkinson's Disease | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Iodine-125
125I is a gamma emitter with a long half-life of 59.4 days (the longest of all radioiodines used in medicine). Iodine-123 is preferred for imaging, so I-125 is used diagnostically only when the test requires a longer period to prepare the radiopharmaceutical and trace it, such as a fibrinogen scan to diagnose clotting. I-125's gamma radiation is of medium penetration, making it more useful as a therapeutic isotope for brachytherapy implant of radioisotope capsules for local treatment of cancers.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
I125-fibrinogen | Clot imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Iodine-131
131I is a beta and gamma emitter. It is used both to destroy thyroid and thyroid cancer tissues (via beta radiation, which is short-range), and also other neuroendocrine tissues when used in MIBG. It can also be seen by a gamma camera, and can serve as a diagnostic imaging tracer, when treatment is also being attempted at the same time. However iodine-123 is usually preferred when only imaging is desired.
Diagnostic
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
I131-Iodide | Thyroid uptake | Oral | In-vivo | Non-imaging |
I131-Iodide | Thyroid metastases imaging | Oral or IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine) | Neuroectodermal tumor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Therapeutic
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
I131-Iodide | Thyrotoxicosis
|
IV or Oral |
I131-Iodide | Non-toxic goiter
|
IV or Oral |
I131-Iodide | Thyroid carcinoma | IV or Oral |
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine) | Malignant disease | IV |
Iron-59
59Fe is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe59-Fe2+ or Fe3+ | Iron metabolism | IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Krypton-81m
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging the radioactive substance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kr81m-Gas | Lung ventilation imaging | Inhalation | In-vivo | Imaging |
Kr-81m-Aqueous solution | Lung perfusion imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Lutetium-177
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo |
---|---|---|---|
177Lu-DOTA-TATE | gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) | IV | In-vivo |
Nitrogen-13
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
N13-Ammonia | Myocardial blood flow imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Oxygen-15
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
O15-Water | Cerebral blood flow imaging Myocardial blood flow imaging |
IV bolus | In-vivo | Imaging |
Phosphorus-32
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
P32-Phosphate | Polycythemia and related disorders | IV or Oral |
Radium-223
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Ra223 cation (223RaCl2) | metastatic cancer in bone | IV |
Rubidium-82
82Rb is a positron and gamma emitter.
Name | Investigation of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Rb-82 chloride | Myocardial Imaging | IV |
Samarium-153
153Sm is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Sm153-EDTMP (Ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphoric acid)
|
Bone metastases | IV |
Selenium-75
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Se75-Selenorcholesterol | Adrenal gland imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Se75-SeHCAT (23-Seleno-25-homo-tauro-cholate) | Bile salt absorption
|
Oral | In-vivo | Imaging |
Sodium-22
22Na is a positron and gamma emitter.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Na22-Na+ | Electrolyte studies | Oral or IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Sodium-24
24Na is a beta and gamma emitter.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Na24-Na+ | Electrolyte studies | Oral or IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Strontium-89
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Sr89-Chloride | Bone metastases | IV |
Technetium-99m
Technetium-99m is a gamma emitter. It is obtained on-site at the imaging center as the soluble pertechnetate which is eluted from a technetium-99m generator, and then either used directly as this soluble salt, or else used to synthesize a number of technetium-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals.
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tc99m-pertechnetate | Thyroid uptake and thyroid imaging Stomach and salivary gland imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-pertechnetate | Lacrimal imaging | Eye drops | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Human albumin | Cardiac blood pool imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Human albumin | Peripheral vascular imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres | Lung perfusion imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres | Lung perfusion imaging with venography | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates (MDP/HDP) | Bone imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates | Myocardial imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m- DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
|
Renal imaging First pass blood flow studies Brain imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m- DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)
|
Lung ventilation imaging | Aerosol inhalation | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-DMSA(V) ( dimercaptosuccinic acid )
|
Tumor imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-DMSA(III) ( dimercaptosuccinic acid )
|
Renal imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Colloid | Bone marrow imaging GI Bleeding |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Colloid | Lymph node imaging | Interstitial | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Colloid | Esophageal transit and reflux imaging Gastric emptying imaging |
Oral | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Colloid | Lacrimal imaging | Eye drops | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-HIDA (Hepatic iminodiacetic acid) | Functional biliary system imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Denatured (heat damaged) red blood cells | Red cell volume Spleen imaging |
IV | In-vitro | Non-imaging |
Tc99m-Whole red blood cells | GI bleeding Cardiac blood pool imaging Peripheral vascular imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine) | Renal imaging First pass blood flow imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Exametazime (HMPAO) | Cerebral blood flow imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Exametazime labelled leucocytes | Infection/inflammation imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m- Sestamibi (MIBI - methoxy isobutyl isonitrile)
|
Parathyroid imaging Non-specific tumor imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Sulesomab (IMMU-MN3 murine Fab'-SH antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody fragments) | Infection/inflammation imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Technegas | Lung ventilation imaging | Inhalation | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Human immunoglobulin | Infection/inflammation imaging | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-Tetrofosmin | Parathyroid imaging Myocardial imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Tc99m-ECD (ethyl cysteinate dimer) | Brain imaging----- | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Thallium-201
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tl201-Tl+ | Non-specific tumor imaging Thyroid tumor imaging |
IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Xenon-133
Name | Investigation | Route of administration | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging |
---|---|---|---|---|
Xe133-gas | Lung ventilation studies | Inhalation | In-vivo | Imaging |
Xe133 in isotonic sodium chloride solution | Cerebral blood flow | IV | In-vivo | Imaging |
Yttrium-90
Name | Treatment of | Route of administration |
---|---|---|
Y90-Silicate | Arthritic conditions | Intra-articular |
Y90-Silicate | Malignant disease | Intracavitary |
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9.