Raffles' banded langur
Raffles' banded langur[1] | |
---|---|
Presbytis femoralis in Singapore | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Cercopithecidae |
Genus: | Presbytis |
Species: | P. femoralis
|
Binomial name | |
Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838)
| |
Raffles' banded langur range in Singapore and Johor, Malaysia |
The Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis), also known as the banded leaf monkey or banded surili, is a species of
Taxonomy
The
Genetic data suggested that at least P. f. femoralis and P. f. robinsoni were different species[4] which was also in agreement with their morphological characters. However, resolving all subspecies-level boundaries within banded langurs required data for P. f. percura, which was the least studied among them.[5] Most recently, mitochondrial genomes were obtained for P. f. percura, and based on multiple species delimitation algorithms (PTP, ABGD, Objective Clustering) applied to a dataset covering 39 species and 43 subspecies of Asian colobines, all three subspecies of banded langurs were resurrected to species.[6][7][8]
Description
The Raffles' banded langur is 43.2 to 61.0 centimetres (17.0 to 24.0 in) long, excluding the tail, with a tail length of 61.0 to 83.8 centimetres (24.0 to 33.0 in).[11] It weighs 5.9 to 8.2 kilograms (13 to 18 lb).[11] It has dark fur on the back and sides with white-colored fur forming a band on the chest and along the inner thighs.[4][10][12]
Habits
The Raffles' banded langur is
According to wildlife researcher Charles Francis, it typically lives in groups of 3 to 6.
The Raffles' banded langur appears to have two birth seasons, once between June and July and another between December and January.[15] In this study, at least six infants were born between 2008 and 2010, and the authors found low infant mortality, with several infants surviving at least to seven months old.[15] The study also found that the infant coloration of the Singapore population is indistinguishable from that of the Johor, Malaysia population, with infants having white fur with a black stripe down the back from the head to the tail, crossed by another black stripe across the shoulders and to the forearms.[15] Males leave their natal group before reaching maturity, at about 4 years old.[13]
The call of mature males sounds like "ke-ke-ke."
Raffles' banded langurs have occasionally been observed being groomed by
Diet
The Raffles' banded langur has a primarily vegetarian diet. Specialized
Conservation status
The
Singapore population
The Raffles' banded langur was once common throughout the island of Singapore but that population is now critically endangered with approximately 60 individuals left in the
The Singapore population feeds from at least 27 plant species, including
The main threat to the Singapore population appears to be habitat loss.
In 2020 a group of two dusky leaf monkeys was observed in Singapore, possibly having swum from Johor, and they were able to chase away a group of eleven Raffles' banded langurs that had been feeding on Adenanthera pavonina seeds. If more individuals arrive in Singapore, they may be able to outcompete the banded langurs.[39][40]
References
- ^ OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e Ang, A., Boonratana, R. & Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39801A205832720. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Andie Ang Primatologist". Andie Ang. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ a b c d e Ang, A.; D'Rozario, V.; Jayasri, S.L.; Lees, C.M.; Li, T.J.; Luz, S. (2016z). "Species Action Plan for the Conservation of Raffles' Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis femoralis) in Malaysia and Singapore" (PDF). IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
- ^ Rizaldi; Ilham, K.; Prasetio, I.; Lee, Z.; Jabbar, S. & Ang, A. (2019). "Preliminary study on the distribution and conservation status of the East Sumatran banded langur Presbytis femoralis percura in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 8 (1): 25–36.
- ^ PMID 32523128.
- ^ Nuwer, Rachel (22 June 2020). "New monkey species found hiding in plain sight". National Geographic. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ "Presbytis". ITIS. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ a b c Low, M.E.Y. & Lim K.K.P. (30 October 2015). "The Authorship and Type Locality of the Banded Leaf Monkey, Presbytis Femoralis" (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 8: 69–71. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
- ^ JSTOR 1373983.
- ^ ISBN 978-0964882508.
- ^ ISBN 9780691135519.
- ^ a b c Attenborough, David (2019). Wild City:Forest Life. Channel NewsAsia.
- ^ ISBN 9780195171334.
- ^ a b c Ang, A.; Ismail, M. & Meier, R. (2010). "Reproduction and infant pelage coloration of the banded leaf monkey, Presbytis femoralis (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Singapore" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 58 (2): 411–415. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- doi:10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253. Retrieved 2021-09-05.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - )
- ^ Ming, Toh Ee (January 14, 2020). "Singapore's rarest monkeys need love and space to live, says local scientist devoted to saving primates". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
- ^ "Ang Hui Fang's Banded Leaf Monkey work in The Straits Times – The Biodiversity Crew @ NUS". The Biodiversity Crew @ NUS. 2010-04-12. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ a b c Ang A.; Srivasthan A.; Md.-Zain B.; Ismail M.; Meier R. (2012). "Low genetic variability in the recovering urban banded leaf monkey population of Singapore". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 60 (2): 589–594. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
- ^ a b c Ang, A. (July–September 2010). "Living Treasures in the Tree Tops: A Fresh Look at Singapore's Banded Leaf Monkeys". BeMuse Magazine. Splash Publishing. pp. 46–50. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
- ^ a b "Hope remains for last monkeys". Singapore Press Holdings. April 8, 2002. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Raffles' banded langur (Banded leaf monkey)". National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
- ^ Wei, Chong Xin (22 June 2022). "Increase in population of critically endangered monkey in S'pore, but more needs to be done". Straits Times. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
- ^ "Conservation of Singapore's own Raffles' banded langur". Wildlife Reserves Singapore Group. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
- ^ "Singapore Red Data Book 2008:Banded Leaf Monkey" (PDF). National Parks Board. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ JSTOR 2845569.
- ^ Min, Chew Hui & Pazos, Rebecca (December 11, 2015). "Animals Crossing". Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - doi:10.1002/aqc.3270020305.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Tan, Audrey (April 11, 2016). "More parks to save shy monkey from extinction". Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
- ^ "NParks announces plans for Upcoming Thomson Nature Park". National Parks Board. October 8, 2016. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
- ^ "Media Fact Sheet A: Thomson Nature Park" (PDF). National Parks Board. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
- S2CID 248337612. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Eco-Link@BKE". National Parks Board. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
- ^ Min, Chew Hui (22 August 2020). "IN FOCUS: How urbanised Singapore is learning to live with its wildlife". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- ^ Seah, Kimberley (2 July 2021). "Bukit Timah Monkey Makes Rare Appearance After Last Of Its Kind Passed In 1987". Must Share News. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ a b Tan, Audrey (1 July 2021). "Rare monkey sighted in Bukit Timah area after more than 30 years". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ Youjin, Low (5 December 2019). "Explainer: What are Raffles' banded langurs, and how will the Cross Island Line affect them?". Today Online. Mediacorp Pte. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
- .
- ^ Tan, Audrey (4 July 2020). "Monkey species native to Malaysia spotted in Singapore". Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
External links
Media related to Presbytis femoralis at Wikimedia Commons