Rail transport in Israel

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Israel
Operation
National railway
No. stations
69[2]
Highest elevation750 m
Map

Rail transport in Israel includes

standard gauge and as of 2023 approximately one-fifth of the heavy rail network is electrified, with additional electrification work underway. A government owned rail company, Israel Railways, manages the entire heavy rail network. Most of the network is located on the densely populated coastal plain
.

Some of the rail routes in Israel date back to before the establishment of the state – to the days of the British Mandate for Palestine and earlier. Rail infrastructure was considered less important than road infrastructure during the state's early years, and except for the construction of the coastal railway in the early 1950s, the network saw little investment until the late 1980s. In 1993, a rail connection was opened between the coastal railway from the north and southern lines (the railway to Jerusalem and railway to Beersheba) through Tel Aviv. Previously the only connection between northern railways and southern railways bypassed the Tel Aviv region – Israel's population and commercial center. The linking of the nationwide rail network through the heart of Tel Aviv was a major factor in facilitating further expansion in the overall network during the 1990s and 2000s and as a result of the heavy infrastructure investments passenger traffic rose significantly, from about 2.5 million per year in 1990 to about 67 million in 2018.

Israel is a member of the

left hand
tracks.

In addition to heavy rail, several urban transport rail lines operate or are under construction in Israel. These include a short funicular underground railway in Haifa which opened in 1959 (Carmelit), a light rail line in Jerusalem (opened in 2011) and another light rail line in Tel Aviv, which began operations in 2023.

History

The first Jaffa–Jerusalem train arriving in Jerusalem

Ottoman Empire

Rail infrastructure in what is now Israel was first envisioned and realized during the

meter gauge.[5] It opened on September 26, 1892[5] with a time travel of 3 hours and 30 minutes.[4]

The second line in what is now Israel was the

Kadesh Barnea on the Sinai Peninsula.[5] (This line ran through trains from Afula through Tulkarm.[4]) This resulted in the construction of the eastern and southern
railways.

Mideastern regional rail travel: the British Mandate

The British invaded the Levant, dismantled the Kadesh Barnea line, and built a new line from Beersheba to Gaza, allowing a connection with their own line from Egypt,

main airport in the area) becoming a major hub during WWII.[5] Also during the war, in 1942, the British opened a route running from Haifa to Beirut and Tripoli.[4] Shortly after the war expired, the Rosh HaNikra tunnel was dug, allowing train travel from Lebanon and points north (and west) to Palestine and Egypt.[5]

Starting in 1917–18, the British converted the Ottoman

standard gauge, though not the Jezreel Valley railway and some of its branches which remained narrow gauge and thus incompatible with the rest of the railways in Palestine. The British also extended some of the existing railways and connected them with adjacent countries and built 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) gauge lines in Jaffa and Jerusalem. After the First World War ended, the British nationalized all railways in the Palestine mandate and created the Palestine Railways
company to manage operations.

Israel

When Israel

1947–1949 Palestine war
, much damage was done to the railways in the country, especially the Jezreel Valley railway, which was not rebuilt due to financial constraints and its incompatibility with the rest of the rail network.

In the first years of Israeli independence, rail passenger traffic grew rapidly, reaching about 4.5 million passengers per annum during the early to mid-1960s, at which point traffic began to slacken due to improvements in the road infrastructure, increases in the automobile ownership rate, lack of investment in the rail network, and a continued favoring of public transportation using buses over trains. This trend reached a low point of about 2.5 million passengers in 1990, which on a per-capita basis represented about a 75% decrease from the heyday of the 1960s. Then in the 1990s, a wave of railway infrastructure development began, leading to a resurgence of the railways' importance within the country's transportation system.

Rail infrastructure

Heavy rail

Map of Israel Railways lines and stations
Approved long-term plans for passenger railways in Israel. Black signifies existing lines, red—lines under construction, and purple—planned lines.

As of 2010, the rail network in Israel spans approximately 1,000 km (620 mi), with around 250 km (160 mi) additional expected to be under construction in the early 2010s decade. The majority of the network has been

double tracked
, the result of extensive works which have been ongoing since around 1990 to increase capacity throughout the network.

The rail network includes the coastal railway line spanning from Nahariya in the north to Tel Aviv in the south, through Acre, Haifa (with a spur to eastern Haifa), Netanya and other cities. A small commuter line goes from Kfar Saba in the north to Tel Aviv, and connects to a freight-only line from Rosh HaAyin to Lod, part of the partially defunct Eastern railway. Plans exist to rebuild the eastern railway from Hadera to Rosh HaAyin, with a spur to Afula.

Six lines go south from Tel Aviv, including two lines to

Israel Chemicals factories through Dimona. The railway to Beersheba is also connected to the line to Ashkelon through the Heletz railway
.

In the early 2000s, the Israeli government embarked on a major project to upgrade the existing rail network and build a number of entirely new lines. This includes rebuilding the railways to Kfar Saba and Beersheba, while converting them to double-track and constructing dozens of grade separations between road and rail. Then in the 2010s decade, rebuilding the

line from Ashkelon to Beersheba through Sderot, Netivot and Ofakim, and a railway as part of the Route 531
project. Some of these projects were initiated in the 2000s but were eventually frozen, with work on some resuming in 2009–2010, when they were included in a major government plan to connect almost all cities in Israel to the rail network.

Network expansion

Several major railway projects are expected to be carried out starting in the early 2020s. The first involves relieving the national rail network bottleneck caused by insufficient capacity in the Ayalon section of the Coastal Railway through the addition of a fourth railroad track between Tel Aviv Central and Tel Aviv HaHagana. The overall project also includes adding two additional tracks to the Tel Aviv–Lod railway. Another major project that began construction is the

Eastern railway
, which will create a new north–south railway corridor in central Israel. The project also includes upgrading the existing Eastern railway section between Rosh Ha’ayin and Lod.

Longer-term plans plan call for a

Kseifa, a line to Nazareth and continuing the Karmiel and Jezreel Valley lines to Kiryat Shmona, Safed and Tiberias
.

Electrification

In the spring of 2010, the government of Israel voted to appropriate the sum of NIS 11.2 billion out of a total NIS 17.2 billion (appx. US $4.5 billion) necessary to implement the first phase of Israel Railways' electrification programme.

ETCS Level 2 signaling throughout the network). Preliminary design for the electrification effort was conducted by Tedem Civil Engineering in the early 2000s, while Yanai Electrical Engineering was selected by Israel Railways in 2011 to carry out the detailed design of the system. In December 2015 Israel Railways announced that the Spanish engineering firm SEMI (Sociedad Española de Montajes Industriales) won the tender for constructing the electrification infrastructure.[8]

As of February 2023[update], there are 4 electrified lines

Technical characteristics

The following standards are employed throughout the mainline heavy rail network in Israel:

  • Rail gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in)
  • Max speed: 160 km/h (99 mph)
  • Rail type: UIC60 or UIC54 (60 kg/m (120 lb/yd) or 54 kg/m (110 lb/yd)), continuously welded
  • Loading gauge: UIC GC
  • Minimum curve radius: 190 m (620 ft) (main lines)
  • Common distance between track centers of multi-tracked railways: 4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)
  • Train protection system: PZB/Indusi
  • Interlocking: Electronic (Thales LockTrac 6111/ESTW L90)
  • National traffic control system: Thales NetTrac 6613 ARAMIS
  • Railway coupling: Buffers and chain (locomotive drawn), Scharfenberg (multiple unit trainsets)
  • Maximum
  • Max rolling stock axle load: 22.5 metric ton per axle
  • Minimum number of sleepers per kilometer: 1667 (mostly B70 prestressed concrete monoblock)
  • Passenger platform minimum length: 300 m (980 ft) (some older stations use the previous standard of 250 m (820 ft); new and upgraded stations: 350 m (1,150 ft))
  • Electrification: Single-phase 25 kV 50 Hz AC OCS
  • Train control system: ERTMS (GSM-R/ETCS L2) – will replace Indusi

Sandwich stations

An interesting character of the current Israeli railway network is that many of the new tracks and railway stations are located in the median strip of the Israeli highway system. The first station such located was the Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station, whose original platforms directly north of the station hall were closed and replaced with new platforms in the median strip of the Ayalon Freeway in 1988; the first station purpose-built in this arrangement was the Tel Aviv HaShalom railway station, a kilometer south of Savidor Central.

Metro/Light rail

A Jerusalem Light Rail tram on Jaffa Road in Jerusalem

The first light rail line in Israel is the

Neve Ya'akov is under construction and was opened in 2023. The Green Line
is under construction (planned to open in 2025).

A major

Bar Ilan University
. Both the Green Line and the Purple Line are under construction and the estimated opening year is 2027/2028.

The Tel Aviv Metro, an extensive 3-line subway system, is planned for Tel Aviv and surrounding cities in the Gush Dan area. It will consist of 3 lines with a total length of 150 km (93 mi) and 109 stations. Currently construction is scheduled to start in 2025 and operation of the first sections is scheduled for 2032.

Tenders have been issued for the

Haifa–Nazareth railway, a tram-train line linking Haifa and Nazareth.[9][10]

The Beersheba Light Rail, which will serve the city of Beersheba and outlying towns, was approved in August 2023. It is expected to be completed in 2033.[11]

An underground funicular rail line, called Carmelit, was opened in Haifa in 1959. It is 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long and has 6 stations.

Passenger traffic

Tel Aviv HaShalom
, one of the most recognizable railway stations in Israel

Following the low point of 2.5 million passengers in 1990, the extensive investments in the national heavy rail infrastructure beginning in the early to mid-1990s made train travel more appealing, especially given the ever-increasing road congestion, and consequently passenger rail use began rising rapidly—by a factor of about fivefold over any given ten-year span during the 1990s and 2000s. Consequently, in the 25-year span between 1990 and 2015, heavy rail passenger traffic grew over 20-times. Moreover, with several large-scale railway infrastructure projects still underway and more planned in the future, the growth in passenger numbers is expected to continue.

Statistics

Ridership

The following table includes ridership statistics for heavy rail only.

Year   1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Passengers (millions)   5.1 5.6 6.4 8.8 12.7
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Passengers (millions) 15.1 17.5 19.8 22.9 26.8 28.4 31.8 35.13 35.93 35.87
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Passengers (millions) 35.93 40.37 45.1 48.5 52.8 59.5 64.6 67.7 69 24.2
Year 2021 2022  
Passengers (millions) 35 54.7  
Source: Israel Railways[12][13][14][15][16][17]

Passenger kilometres

The following table contains the total travelled distances for all passengers per annum.

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Passenger km (millions) 264 204 169 267 781 1616 1986 2608
Source: The World Bank[citation needed]

Passenger stations

Name Hebrew City Lines
Acre
עכו Acre Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Afula
עפולה Afula Atlit – Beit She'an
Ashdod Ad Halom

Ashdod South
אשדוד עד הלום
אשדוד דרום
Ashdod Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Ashkelon
אשקלון Ashkelon Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Atlit
עתלית Atlit Atlit – Beit She'an
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Bat Yam-Komemiyut
בת ים - קוממיות Bat Yam / Holon Ashkelon – Herzliya
Bat Yam-Yoseftal
בת-ים יוספטל Bat Yam / Holon Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center
באר שבע מרכז Beersheba Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Be'er Sheva North

University
באר שבע צפון
אוניברסיטה
Beersheba Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Be'er Sheva North – Dimona
Be'er Ya'akov
באר יעקב Be'er Ya'akov Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Ben Gurion Airport
נמל תעופה בן גוריון
Ben Gurion International Airport
Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Beit She'an
בית שאן Beit She'an Atlit – Beit She'an
Beit Shemesh
בית שמש Beit Shemesh Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Beit Yehoshua
בית יהושע Beit Yehoshua Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Biblical Zoo
גן החיות התנ"כי Jerusalem Not in service
Binyamina
בנימינה Binyamina-Giv'at Ada Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Bnei Brak
בני ברק Bnei Brak / Ramat Gan Ashkelon – Herzliya
Caesarea-Pardes Hanna
קיסריה-פרדס חנה Pardes Hanna-Karkur
Caesarea Industrial Zone
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Dimona
דימונה Dimona Be'er Sheva North – Dimona
Hadera West
חדרה מערב Hadera Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Bat Galim
חיפה בת גלים Haifa Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Atlit – Beit She'an
Haifa Hof HaCarmel
חיפה חוף הכרמל Haifa Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Atlit – Beit She'an
Haifa Center HaShmona
חיפה מרכז השמונה Haifa Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Atlit – Beit She'an
HaMifrats Central
מרכזית המפרץ Haifa Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Atlit – Beit She'an
Herzliya
הרצליה Herzliya Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Hod HaSharon Sokolov

(Kfar Saba)
הוד השרון סוקולוב
כפר סבא
Hod HaSharon / Kfar Saba Ashkelon – Herzliya
Holon-Wolfson
חולון-וולפסון
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Holon Junction
צומת חולון Holon / Tel Aviv Ashkelon – Herzliya
Hutzot HaMifratz
חוצות המפרץ Haifa Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Jerusalem Malha
ירושלים מלחה Jerusalem Not in service
Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon ירושלים יצחק נבון Jerusalem Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Kfar Chabad
כפר חב"ד Kfar Chabad Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Kfar Saba – Nordau

(Hod HaSharon)
כפר סבא נורדאו
הוד השרון
Kfar Saba / Hod HaSharon Ashkelon – Herzliya
Kiryat Gat
קרית גת Kiryat Gat Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Kiryat Haim
קריית חיים Haifa (Kiryat Haim) Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Kiryat Motzkin
קריית מוצקין Haifa (Kiryat Shmuel)
Kiryat Motzkin
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Haifa Hof HaCarmel – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Lehavim-Rahat
להבים רהט Lehavim Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Lod
לוד Lod Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Lod Ganei Aviv
לוד גני אביב Lod Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Migdal HaEmek – Kfar Baruch
מגדל העמק-כפר ברוך Migdal HaEmek, Kfar Baruch Atlit – Beit She'an
Modi'in Central
מודיעין מרכז
Modi'in
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Nahariya
נהריה Nahariya Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Netanya
נתניה Netanya Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Netivot
נתיבות Netivot Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Ofakim
אופקים Ofakim Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Pa'atei Modi'in
פאתי מודיעין
Modi'in
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Petah Tikva Kiryat Aryeh
פתח תקווה קרית אריה Petah Tikva Ashkelon – Herzliya
Petah Tikva Segula
פתח תקווה סגולה Petah Tikva Ashkelon – Herzliya
Ra'anana South רעננה דרום Ra'anana Ashkelon – Herzliya
Ra'anana West רעננה מערב Ra'anana Ashkelon – Herzliya
Ramla
רמלה Ramla Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Rehovot
רחובות Rehovot Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Rishon LeZion HaRishonim
ראשון לציון הראשונים Rishon LeZion Not in service
Rishon LeZion Moshe Dayan
ראשון לציון משה דיין Rishon LeZion Ashkelon – Herzliya
Rosh HaAyin Tzafon
ראש העין צפון
Neve Yerek
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Sderot
שדרות Sderot Be'er Sheva Center – Ashkelon
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Tel Aviv HaHagana
תל אביב ההגנה Tel Aviv Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Tel Aviv HaShalom
תל אביב השלום Tel Aviv Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Tel Aviv Central

Savidor
תל אביב מרכז
סבידור
Tel Aviv / Ramat Gan Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Tel Aviv University

Convention Center
תל אביב אוניברסיטה
מרכז הירידים
Tel Aviv Jerusalem Yitzhak Navon – Herzliya
Ashkelon – Herzliya
Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Be'er Sheva Center – Nahariya
Be'er Sheva Center – Karmiel
Modi'in Center – Nahariya
Beit Shemesh – Netanya
Yavne East
יבנה Yavne Be'er Sheva Center – Binyamina
Yavne West
יבנה מערב Yavne Ashkelon – Herzliya
Yokneam – Kfar Yehoshua
יקנעם-כפר יהושע Yokneam Illit, Kfar Yehoshua Atlit – Beit She'an

Freight

According to official statistics, Israel Railways transported approximately seven million tons of freight in 2010. Minerals and chemicals from the

sulphur, made up more than half of this amount.[12] As of 2011, the share of total domestic freight transported by rail is approximately 8%. The government of Israel, believing that freight rail transport in the country is underutilized, particularly with respect to container transport, has set a goal of doubling the amount of freight transported by rail by the middle of the 2010s decade and tripling it by the end of the decade. Its plan calls for an upgrade of the freight transport infrastructure, including more freight terminals, new or renewed sidings to factories and other customers, and the purchase of additional freight locomotives and freight cars. From an administrative perspective, Israel Railways' freight division will be spun off
into a separate subsidiary, which will be 51% privately owned by a strategic partner committed to maximizing the railway's freight transport potential. The new subsidiary will be allowed to partner directly with other transport providers in the private sector in order to offer customers more cost-effective, flexible and complete transport and logistical solutions than those currently offered by Israel Railways.

Rail links to adjacent countries

Originally part of the

Baghdad Railway south from Aleppo, Syria, to connect at Tripoli, Lebanon. Expanded during World War II by both Australian and later New Zealand engineers, the effective footprint extended as far as Damascus
.

For a railway both created and affected by the

1947–1949 Palestine war
, those connections were severed and have yet to be restored.

Israeli forces bombed the rail bridge to Lebanon,[

Chemins de Fer Syriens
to Damascus.

Railway links with adjacent countries

Proposed rail lines to the PA

Talks between Israel and the

Palestinian Authority in 2004 have raised the possibility of reviving the old line from the Gaza Strip to Tulkarem and/or building a new line from Gaza to Tarkumia (near Hebron) with the aim of securely transporting people and goods between Gaza and the West Bank through Israeli territory as well as for transporting cargo to and from the Israeli port of Ashdod destined to the Palestinian Authority.[20] Another proposed line would involve the revival of the old Hejaz railway branch from Afula to Jenin
.

External links

References

  1. ^ "Table 19.3 – Railway Services" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 74. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. September 13, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  2. ^ "Israel Railways opens Mazkeret Batya station". Globes. Daniel Schmil. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Milestones". Israel Railways. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Famous Engine Saved from the Scrap Yard". ERETZ Magazine. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  6. ^ Moti Bassok, Cabinet examining plan for Med-Red railway. Jerusalem could invite China to help build rail link between Eilat and northern Israel. // Haaretz, 30.01.12
  7. ^ Schmiel, Daniel (26 June 2012). "Israel Railways Argues Against Kat'z Plan to Transfer Control of Electrification Project to the National Roads Company". TheMarker (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  8. ^ Dori, Oren (6 December 2015). "הזוכה במכרז החשמול של רכבת ישראל: SEMI הספרדית" [Spanish Firm SEMI Wins Israel Railways' Electrification Tender] (in Hebrew). TheMarker. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Israel plans tram-train line". International Railway Journal. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  10. ^ "Tender to be issued for Haifa-Nazareth light rail". Globes. 27 May 2018.
  11. ^ Be’er Sheva light rail project to proceed
  12. ^ a b "Statistical Data" (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  13. ^ Shahar, Michael. "Annual Report, 2009" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. p. 17. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  14. ^ Wiseman, Shahar. "Annual Report, 2017" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. pp. 22–24. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  15. ^ Wiseman, Shahar. "Annual Report, 2018" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. p. 18. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  16. ^ "Annual Report, 2020" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. p. א-16. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  17. ^ Wiseman, Shahar (2022). דין וחשבון שנתי 2021 [2021 Annual Report] (PDF) (Report) (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. p. 41. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  18. ^ "Error" (PDF).
  19. ^ "Error" (PDF).
  20. ^ Forward, The Jewish Daily, article published 4 February 2005