Rail transport in Vietnam
Rail transport in Vietnam | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operation | |||||
National railway | No. stations 278 | | |||
|
The railway system in
The first railways in Vietnam were established in the 1880s, with construction beginning in 1888; these included a
With increased economic growth brought on by the
Usage
Rail transport remains relatively underused as a mode of transport in Vietnam. While road transport dominates the transport sector by far—accounting for 65% of freight moved as of 2006—rail transport accounted for only 4% of freight transportation in 2008, and 5% of passenger transportation, leading it to be considered the "least relevant" of all modes of transport in the European Union's 2010 Green Book on Vietnam.[6] According to reports by the Asian Development Bank, however, the role of rail transport is growing, carving out a significant role for itself in long-distance bulk cargo transport.[1]
The following table gives an overview of rail transport volume and traffic over the period from 1998 to 2011:
Transport type | 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freight volume (kt)[7] | 4977.6 | 6258.2 | 7051.9 | 8873.6 | 9153.2 | 8481.1 | 8247.5 | 7861.5 | 7234.1 |
Freight traffic (Mt-km)[8] | 1369.0 | 1955.0 | 2391.5 | 2745.3 | 3446.6 | 4170.9 | 3864.5 | 3960.9 | 4098.5 |
Passenger volume (Mpeople)[9] | 9.7 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 12.9 | 11.6 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.9 |
Passenger traffic (Mpeople-km)[10] | 2542.3 | 3199.9 | 3697.2 | 4376.3 | 4333.7 | 4560.4 | 4138.1 | 4377.9 | 4569.1 |
History
Colonial beginnings
Rail transport was introduced to Vietnam in the 1880s, supported by the French administration of Indochina. The earliest rail project to be completed was the Saigon–Cholon tramway, established in 1881 in what was then Cochinchina, operated by the Cochinchina Steam Tramway Company (SGTVC). After a month of operation, the Lieutenant Governor of Cochinchina noted that ridership had already reached two thousand passengers.[11][12][13] Construction of the first regional rail project, linking Saigon and Mỹ Tho, began in the same year, to be completed soon afterwards in 1885. The Saigon–Mỹ Tho line reduced travel time between the two cities from 12 hours to only 3 hours,[14] and established a connection between Saigon and the shipping lanes of the Mekong Delta.[1][15][16] The first railway in Tonkin, a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge line connecting Lạng Sơn to Phu Lang Thuong (now known as Bắc Giang), was established in 1895.[17][18]
Railway construction multiplied during the administration of
The Hanoi–Haiphong railway was one leg of the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway, which had begun construction in 1900, and continued northward with the erection of Paul Doumer Bridge (now known as
Construction of the North–South Railway began in 1899, and lasted over thirty years, with individual sections completed serially: from 1899 to 1905, the Hanoi–Vinh section was laid down, followed by the Nha Trang–Saigon section from 1905 to 1913, then the Vinh–Huế section from 1913 to 1927, and finally, the remaining Huế–Nha Trang section from 1930 to 1936. On 2 October 1936, the entire 1,726 km (1,072 mi) Hanoi–Saigon link was formally put into full operation. The first journeys from end to end of the newly completed line, dubbed the Transindochinois, generally took about 60 hours, or two days and three nights.[24] This decreased to about 40 hours by the late 1930s, with trains travelling at an average speed of 43 km/h (27 mph).[1][3][17][25]
Wartime
From the beginning of the
Shortly after World War II ended, the
Early in the conflict, the Viet Minh's sabotage attempts failed to seriously damage the French railways, and most trains circulated without much protection. Beginning in 1947, however, the Viet Minh began to use mines, with circulation slowing to a crawl as they became more and more powerful.
Throughout the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese railway network—especially the North–South Railway—was a target of bombardments and sabotage by both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese forces. In the South, American aid allowed the South Vietnamese government to reconstruct the main line between Saigon and Huế, and several branch lines were also completed. As reconstruction efforts advanced, however, bombardments and sabotage of the railways by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese intensified, reducing the transportation capacity and effectiveness of the railway, and eventually forcing the abandonment of many large sections of the track. In 1964, Typhoons Joan and Iris, the worst to strike Vietnam in sixty-five years, damaged the railway system even further, restricting operations to five separated segments. A second reconstruction effort, assisted again by the U.S. government, began in December 1966, and progressed in those areas where security was re-established. The system reopened 340 kilometers of main line in areas where security was restored.[25][33][34]
In North Vietnam, American bombing of railways was concentrated on key targets such as bridges, both along the North–South Railway and along the lines north of Hanoi, such as the Hanoi–Lào Cai and Hanoi–Dong Dang lines. At several points during the war, American bombing severely hindered transport along both lines, on which the North Vietnamese depended for shipments from their Chinese allies.
Railway engineering troops from the
A particularly difficult target for
After the
Network
The Vietnamese railway network has a total length of 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi), dominated by the north–south line running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; as of 2007, 85% of the network's passenger volume and 60% of its cargo volume was transported along this line. There were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network as of 2005, 191 of which were located along the north–south line.[2][3][38]
Operational realities
The north–south line goes through some congested urban areas, with very little clearance (less than 1 meter on each side), instead they rely on blazing horns. Though the line is single track, speed does pick up outside urban areas, and the rails themselves are of quality to easily outpace any highway traffic, nevertheless this does not allow for schedule flexibility and frequency nor much safety as grade separation is almost nonexistent and level crossings the norm.
Proposals
Several railway lines have been proposed for construction in Vietnam in recent years. The largest such project is the
Current lines
Description | Established | Length[40] | Stations | Travel time | Gauge [40] | Note [41] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North-South Railway |
1936[1] | 1,726 km (1,072 mi) | 191[38] | 30 hrs[42] | Metre gauge |
Main Line |
Hanoi–Lào Cai |
1906[22] | 296 km (184 mi) | 40[43] | 10 hrs[44] | Metre gauge |
Main Line, sometimes recorded as Yen Vien – Lao Cai line[41] |
Hanoi–Đồng Đăng |
1902[15] | 163 km (101 mi) | 23[45] | 4.25 hrs[46] | Mixed gauge | Main Line [41] |
Kép–Ha Long | 1950s[47] | 106 km (66 mi) | 12[48] | 4.5 hours[48] | Standard gauge |
Main Line [41] |
Hanoi–Haiphong |
1902[20] | 102 km (63 mi) | 18[49] | 2.5 hours[44] | Metre gauge |
Main Line. Some recorded as Gia Lam – Haiphong line [41] |
Hanoi–Thái Nguyên | 1962[50] | 75 km (47 mi) | 14[51] | ?? | Mixed gauge | Some recorded as Dong Anh – Quan Trieu line [41] |
Thái Nguyên–Kép | 1966[52] | 57 km (35 mi) | 6?[nb 1] | ?? | Standard gauge |
Some recorded as Luu Xa – Kep line [41] |
Pho Lu–Xuan Giao[22] | ?? | 11 km (6.8 mi)[22] | ?? | ?? | ?? | Branch line on Yen Vien – Lao Cai line[41] |
Tien Kien–Bai Bang | ?? | 10.5 km (6.5 mi)[22] | ?? | ?? | Metre gauge[47] |
?? |
Da Lat–Trai Mat |
1932[37] | 7 km (4.3 mi)[37] | 2[37] | ?? | Metre gauge[37] |
Isolated Line since Da Lat–Trai Mat has been partially rehabilitated for the last 7 km out of 84 km
|
Tien Kien–Lam Thao | ?? | 4.1 km (2.5 mi)[22] | ?? | ?? | Metre gauge[47] |
Branch line on Yen Vien – Lao Cai line [41] |
Proposed lines
Description | Length | Gauge | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
North–South Express Railway |
1,570 km (980 mi)[5] | Standard gauge[5] |
Cancelled, See High-speed rail, below. |
Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway |
139 km (86 mi) | Standard gauge |
|
Da Lat–Thap Cham |
127 km (79 mi) | Metre gauge[37] |
Originally established in 1932. only the last 7 km still in use; see Da Lat–Trai Mat above.[37] |
Ho Chi Minh City–Vũng Tàu | 110 km (68 mi)[53] | Metre gauge[53] |
|
Dĩ An–Lộc Ninh |
129 km (80 mi) | Metre gauge |
Originally established in 1933, abandoned c.1959.[54] See International links to Cambodia, below. |
Mụ Giạ–Vung Ang [4] |
103 km (64 mi) [55] | ?? | See International links to Laos, below. |
Saigon–Mỹ Tho | 87 km (54 mi) | Metre gauge |
Planned to be revived as a part of Ho Chi Minh City–Cần Thơ Express Railway[56]
|
Lào Cai–Ha Noi–Hai Phong[57] | 394 km (245 mi) | Standard gauge |
The Vietnamese government is in talks with China about a faster railway link parallel to the existing Hanoi–Lào Cai railway. It is proposed to have an average speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) for passenger trains. The new line would half the travel time for goods, and also stop the need for transferring goods from metre gauge to standard gauge trains at the Chinese border. |
Vân Đồn–Móng Cái
|
100 km (62 mi) | [58][59] |
Defunct lines
Description | Established | Length[47] | Gauge[47] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phủ Lạng Thương–Lạng Sơn | 1895[60] | 31 km (19 mi) | 600mm |
Refurbished and extended to create the Hanoi–Đồng Đăng Railway .
|
Cầu Giát–Nghĩa Đàn | — | 30 km (19 mi) | Metre gauge |
|
Gia Định–Hóc Môn |
?? | 20 km (12 mi) | ?? | |
Tân Ấp–Thakhek | — | 17.5 km (10.9 mi)[61] | ?? | Line was left incomplete. |
Đồng Đăng–Na Sầm | 1921[17] | 15 km (9.3 mi) | 600mm |
|
Yên Trạch–Na Dương | 1966 | 31 km (19 mi) | Metre gauge |
International railway links
- China
The railway link from
Railway access to
- Cambodia
There is currently no railway connection between Vietnam and Cambodia. The French administration of
- Laos
There is currently no railway connection between Vietnam and Laos. In 2007, the Laotian Ministry of Transportation entered into discussion with Vietnam to discuss the possibility of opening a new railway line from
High-speed rail
National railway company
Vietnamese prime minister
However, the project
Work begins on High Speed connection to China
Workers began to lay tracks on China's first direct high-speed railway link to Vietnam on 8th August 2023. A track-laying machine put down a 500-meter-long track, domestic media outlet CGTN reported.[69]
The railway between Fangchenggang and Dongxing, in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, spans a distance of 46.9 kilometers (km), and has a designed speed of 200 km per hour. Infrastructure is being built with conditions to upgrade the travel speed to 250 km per hour in the future.
Subways and light rail
Ho Chi Minh City Metro
A
Hanoi Metro
In July 2008, the then-Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng approved an overall transport development plan for Hanoi, which, among other projects, proposed a rapid transit system with five routes (1435mm gauge).[76] The project is being carried out by the Hanoi Metropolitan Rail Transport Project Board (HRB).[77] As of spring 2009, projects for four lines were under consideration: the Nho–Hanoi Railway Station (the "pilot" line), the Nam Thang Long–Tran Hung Dao line, the Cat Linh–Hà Đông line, and the Yen Vien–Ngoc Hoi line. The Nho–Hanoi Railway Station, Cat Linh–Hà Đông and Yen Vien–Ngoc Hoi lines are currently in the research phase.[78] Technical studies of the system were expected to be completed in 2009.[77] The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has confirmed that the Nam Thang Long–Tran Hung Dao line would begin construction in mid-2011, to be completed in 2014 for full operation by 2016.[78]
Infrastructure
Most of Vietnam's railway infrastructure—including bridges, rail trucks, track beds, rolling stocks, signals and communication equipment, and maintenance facilities—has suffered severe deterioration, mainly due to damage inflicted during the Vietnam War and a subsequent lack of capital investment and maintenance[citation needed]. More recently[when?], rehabilitation projects sustained by official development assistance have allowed the most critical pieces of infrastructure along the line to be replaced, although much work still remains to be done[further explanation needed].[3]
Tracks
Most existing Vietnamese railway lines use
- 2,169 km (1,348 mi) metre gauge (1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in));
- 178 km (111 mi) standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)); and
- 253 km (157 mi) mixed gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)).
Besides active tracks, around 506 km (314 mi) of tracks are in use as siding, bringing the total to 3,106 km (1,930 mi) of track laid nationwide.[40]
Bridges
Vietnam Railways reports the number of railway bridges along the North–South line to be 1,300, totalling about 28,000 m (92,000 ft), or about 63% of the national total. Considering both standard rail bridges and combined bridges, the total length along the North–South line is about 36,000 m (118,000 ft).[3][40] Many of the railway bridges were severely worn from age and sport damage dating from the Vietnam War, despite their restoration following the war. As of 2007, 278 bridges requiring major rehabilitation remain along the North–South Railway line.[3] Throughout the entire Vietnamese rail network, Vietnam Railways reports a total of 1,790 railway bridges, with a total length of 45,368 m (148,845 ft).[2]
Tunnels
There are 27 railway tunnels along the North–South line, amounting to a total length of 8,335 m (27,346 ft). Throughout the entire Vietnamese rail network, Vietnam Railways report a total of 39 tunnels with a combined length of 11,512 m (37,769 ft).[40] Certain tunnels are inadequately drained and suffer from deterioration in the tunnel lining, causing water leaks that necessitate reductions in speed.[1]
Signalling
The North–South Railway line uses a semi-automatic block system, which allows individual signals to work either as
According to Vietnam Railways, automatic warning systems have been installed at 230 level crossings throughout the country.[40]
Communications
Since 1998, microband
Sewers
The Vietnamese rail network includes 4,860 sewers, with a total length of 71,439 m (234,380 ft).[40]
Safety
The overall condition of railway infrastructure in Vietnam varies from poor to fair; most of the network remains in need of rehabilitation and upgrading, having received only temporary repair from damages suffered during decades of war. A joint Japanese-Vietnamese evaluation team found that the poor state of railway infrastructure was the fundamental cause for most railway accidents, of which the most common types are train crashes against vehicles and persons, especially at illegal
The Vietnamese railway network is crossed by many roads in several crowded areas; as a result, accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians have occurred. In the first 10 months of 2009, 431 railway accidents reportedly took place throughout Vietnam, causing 166 casualties and injuring 319 people.[79] A researcher from Villanova University noted "There are numerous safety issues with level crossings...usually, an accident occurs every day."[80] Many rail bridges and tunnels have suffered deterioration since the 1970s, requiring trains passing over or through them to reduce speeds as low as 15 km/h (9.3 mph).[1] In addition, the center of the country is subject to violent annual flooding and bridges are often swept away, causing lengthy closures.[3]
Along with recent efforts aimed at infrastructure rehabilitation, the recent adoption of safety measures by Vietnam Railways has led to a decline in railway accidents. These measures include: public awareness campaigns on railway safety in the media; construction of fences and safety barriers at critical level crossings in major cities; mobilization of volunteers for traffic control at train stations and level crossings, especially during holiday seasons; the installation of additional auto-signal systems; and the construction of flyovers and underpasses to redirect traffic.[3]
Railway management
The Vietnamese railway network is owned and operated by the state-owned enterprise
See also
- Transport in Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City Metro
- Gia Lam Train Company
- Vietnam Railways
- State Railway of Thailand and Rail transport in Cambodia (1m gauge)
- Rail transport in Laos, and Rail transport in China (1.435mm gauge)
Notes and references
- Notes
- ISBN 978-0-8131-2592-3.
- References
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- Bibliography
- Hulot, Frédéric. Les chemins de fer de la France d'outre-mer, tome 1 l'Indochine, le Yunnan. La Régordane. 1990.
- Adolf Dannehl (19 March 1999), "Zugforderung und lokomotiven in Vietnam", Eisenbahningenieur (in German), 50 (2): 70–72, ISSN 0013-2810
- Тяговый подвижной состав железных дорог Вьетнама, Железные дороги мира (in Russian) (1), 2000, archived from the original on 2007-08-16
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
External links
- Official Website of Vietnam Railways
- Ministry of Transport, Vietnam Archived 2014-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Collected postcards depicting the Railways of Indochina. Society of Indo-China Philatelists.
Maps
- Detailed Railway Map. Daumaytoaxe.com.