Rainbow flag (LGBT)
LGBT Pride flag | |
Use | Association with the LGBT community |
---|---|
Adopted | 1978 |
Design | Striped flag, typically six colors (from top to bottom): red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. |
Designed by | Gilbert Baker |
Part of the LGBT series |
LGBT symbols |
---|
Symbols |
Pride flags |
The rainbow flag or pride flag is a
Originally devised by the artists Gilbert Baker, Lynn Segerblom, James McNamara and other activists,[4][5][6][7] the design underwent several revisions after its debut in 1978, and continues to inspire variations. Although Baker's original rainbow flag had eight colors,[8][9] from 1979 to the present day the most common variant consists of six stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The flag is typically displayed horizontally, with the red stripe on top, as it would be in a natural rainbow.
LGBT people and
History
Origin
Gilbert Baker, born in 1951 and raised in Parsons, Kansas, had served in the U.S. Army between 1970 and 1972. After an honorable discharge, Baker taught himself to sew. In 1974, Baker met Harvey Milk, an influential gay leader, who later challenged Baker to devise a symbol of pride for the gay community.[10] The original gay pride flags flew at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade celebration on June 25, 1978.[11][12] Prior to that event, the Pink triangle had been used as a symbol for the LGBT community, despite representing a dark chapter in the history of homosexuality. The Nazi regime had used the pink triangle to identify and stigmatize men interned as homosexuals in the concentration camps. Rather than relying on a Nazi tool of oppression, the community sought a new inspiring symbol.
A close friend of Baker's, independent filmmaker
The first rainbow flags commissioned by the fledgling pride committee were produced by a team that included artist Lynn Segerblom.[22] Segerblom was then known as Faerie Argyle Rainbow; according to her, she created the original dyeing process for the flags.[23] Thirty volunteers hand-dyed and stitched the first two flags for the parade.[24] The original flag design had eight stripes, with a specific meaning assigned to each of the colors:[25][26][27]
Hot pink | Sex | |
Red | Life | |
Orange | Healing | |
Yellow | Sunlight | |
Green | Nature | |
Turquoise | Magic | |
Indigo | Serenity | |
Violet | Spirit |
The two flags originally created for the 1978 parade were believed lost for over four decades, until a remnant of one was discovered among Baker's belongings in 2020.[28][29]
1978 to 1979
After the assassination of gay San Francisco City Supervisor Harvey Milk on November 27, 1978,[30] demand for the rainbow flag greatly increased. In response, the Paramount Flag Company began selling a version using stock rainbow fabric with seven stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, turquoise, blue, and violet. As Baker ramped up production of his version of the flag, he too dropped the hot pink stripe because fabric in that color was not readily available. San Francisco-based Paramount Flag Co. also began selling a surplus stock of Rainbow Girls flags from its retail store on the southwest corner of Polk and Post, at which Gilbert Baker was an employee.[31]
In 1979, the flag was modified again.[32] Aiming to decorate the street lamps along the parade route with hundreds of rainbow banners, Baker decided to split the motif in two with an even number of stripes flanking each lamp pole. To achieve this effect, he dropped the turquoise stripe that had been used in the seven-stripe flag. The result was the six-stripe version of the flag that would become the standard for future production—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.[31]
1980s to 2000s
In 1989, the rainbow flag came to further nationwide attention in the U.S. after John Stout sued his landlords and won when they attempted to prohibit him from displaying the flag from his West Hollywood, California, apartment balcony.[33]
In 2000, the
In autumn 2004 several gay businesses in London were ordered by Westminster City Council to remove the rainbow flag from their premises, as its display required planning permission.[37] When one shop applied for permission, the Planning sub-committee refused the application on the chair's casting vote (May 19, 2005), a decision condemned by gay councillors in Westminster and the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. In November the council announced a reversal of policy, stating that most shops and bars would be allowed to fly the rainbow flag without planning permission.
In June 2004 LGBT activists sailed to Australia's uninhabited Coral Sea Islands Territory and raised the rainbow flag, proclaiming the territory independent of Australia, calling it the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands in protest to the Australian government's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages. The rainbow flag was the official flag of the claimed kingdom until its dissolution in 2017 following the legalisation of same sex marriage in Australia.[38]
2010s to present
In June 2015, The Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan added the rainbow flag symbol to its design collection.[39][40][41]
On June 26, 2015, the White House was illuminated in the rainbow flag colors to commemorate the legalization of same-sex marriages in all 50 U.S. states, following the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decision.[42]
An emoji version of the flag (🏳️🌈) was formally proposed in July 2016,[43] and released that November.[44]
Gilbert Baker unveiled his final version of the rainbow flag in early 2017;
A portion of one of the original 1978 rainbow flags was donated to the GLBT Historical Society Museum and Archives in San Francisco in April 2021; the section is the only known surviving remnant of the two inaugural eight-color rainbow flags.[11]
In Norway, the flag is reported to symbolize diversity, unity and inclusion, in addition to freedom to be who you want and love who you want.[49]
Transnationalism
The rainbow flag has been repurposed to manifest a multitude of transnational and globalized ways of being queer. In a few scholarly articles, the rainbow flag is described as a "floating signifier".[50][51] A floating signifier refers to the person giving the object its interpreted meaning and significance.[51] Flags are ambivalent symbols that hold different ideologies, meanings, and agendas depending on the beholder. Therefore, the rainbow flag is a boundary object that not only brings together queer communities locally and transnationally, but can also create debates and conflicts.[50]
In March 2016, rainbow stamps were created by a
In some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, it is illegal to sell (or wear) 'rainbow-coloured' items, as it apparently "indirectly promotes homosexuality" and claims to "contradict normal common sense".[53] The motives have aroused international criticism.[54]
Rainbow colors as a symbol of LGBT pride
There have been many activism statements made with using the rainbow colors to create "hidden flags", in order to express their political agenda and support for gay rights and diversity. For example, in Poland on August 6, 2020, President Andrzej Duda was sworn in for a second term supporting an anti-LGBTQ+ campaign[55] and the opposing politicians planned beforehand to coordinate and wear a colored outfit to each represent a color of the rainbow to stand in protest.[56] There is another instance where a group of Latin American activists created a "hidden flag", with their outfits in Russia which bans the rainbow flag.[57]
Critiques
Concern has been expressed among some of the rainbow symbol being white-washed and regressed to maintain a Eurocentric and colonial influence.[51] A concept called "pride for sale"[58] refers to an overflowing amount of publicity and advertising from big companies displaying the rainbow flag and selling pride merchandise during Pride Month, but as soon as Pride Month is over so are all of the promotions (see rainbow capitalism). There is also a critique made about how the pride flag has deviated too much from its purpose as a radical symbol for queer rights specifically.[51]
Variations
Many variations of the rainbow flag have been used. Some of the more common ones include the Greek letter
In the early years of the AIDS pandemic, activists designed a "Victory over AIDS" flag consisting of the standard six-stripe rainbow flag with a black stripe across the bottom. Leonard Matlovich, himself dying of AIDS-related illness, suggested that upon a cure for AIDS being discovered, the black stripes be removed from the flags and burned.[24]
In 2002, another LGBT activist, Eddie Reynoso recreated Gilbert Baker's original 1978 tie-dye flag,[60] incorporating a blue canton, with white stars that were painted to a pink color, as residents in states across the nation gained the right to same-gender marriage. The flag- named the Pride Constellation,[61] was first painted on a canvas—as a protest symbol during Nevada's constitutional amendment to define marriage as that between a man and a woman. In 2009, the flag was featured prominently on local and national news outlets as they reported on the California Supreme Court's ruling- to uphold the state's marriage equality ban.[62][63][64]
Reynoso later rearranged the stars by order of admission into the Union,[61] retaining part of Gilbert Bakers tie-dye flag and the Pride New Glory Flag.
In 2015, Reynoso's flag once again made national news after it was featured across various news outlets reporting on the Obergefell v. Hodges oral arguments at the Supreme Court.[65][66]
LGBT communities in other countries have adopted the rainbow flag.[67] A South African gay pride flag which is a hybrid of the rainbow flag and the national flag of South Africa was launched in Cape Town in 2010.[68] Flag designer Eugene Brockman said "I truly believe we (the LGBT community) put the dazzle into our rainbow nation and this flag is a symbol of just that."[69]
In March 2017, Gilbert Baker created a nine-stripe version of his original 1977 flag, with lavender, pink, turquoise and indigo stripes along with the red, orange, yellow, green and violet. According to Baker, the lavender stripe symbolizes diversity.[70]
In June 2017, the city of
On February 12, 2018, during the street carnival of São Paulo, thousands of people attended a parade called Love Fest,[74] which celebrated human diversity, sexual and gender equality. A version of the flag, created by Estêvão Romane, co-founder of the festival, was unveiled which presented the original eight stripe flag with a white stripe in the middle, representing all colors (human diversity in terms of religion, gender, sex preferences, ethnicities), and peace and union among all.[75]
In June 2018, designer
In July 2018 the Social Justice Pride Flag was released in Chennai, India in the
In 2018, marchers at the
Also in 2018, Puerto Rican
In 2021, Valentino Vecchietti of Intersex Equality Rights UK redesigned the Progress Pride Flag to incorporate the intersex flag.[97] This design added a yellow triangle with a purple circle in it to the chevron of the Progress Pride flag. It also changed the color of green to a lighter shade without adding new symbolism. Intersex Equality Rights UK posted the new flag on Instagram and Twitter.[98][99]
Reception
The reception to new variations and iterations of the Pride Flag have been mixed.
Quasar's iteration of the progress pride flag is licensed under a Creative Commons license, which excludes commercial use; this has been criticised as not being in keeping with Baker's original intent for the first iteration of the flag. Quasar has stated openly that small organisations can use the flag commercially and the license was chosen to put restrictions on large corporations.[106][107] Quasar stated that: "A changing point for me was when I started to see it getting used in a way that I didn't personally agree with. Companies were snatching it up, making stuff out of it, and selling it without my attribution attached. It was purely rainbow capitalism based marketing…If you're going to make money off of something that I created within my community it's only fair that you give back not just to me as the artist, but the community itself, too."[106] Criticism of the flag has also been made by LGBTQ+ people of colour, who felt that the flag, despite its inclusive intent, was created without community consultation.[107]
Notable flag creations
Mile-long flags
For the 25th anniversary of the June 1969
In 2003 Baker was again commissioned to produce a giant flag marking the 25th anniversary of the flag itself.
Other large flags
The largest rainbow flag in the
On June 1, 2018, Venice Pride in California flew the world's largest free-flying flag to launch United We Pride.[120][121] After its debut for Venice Pride, the flag traveled to San Francisco at the end of the month for SF Pride and the fortieth anniversary of the rainbow flag's adoption.[122] United We Pride then had the flag sent to Paris, London, Berlin, Vancouver, Sydney, Miami, and Tokyo, ending in New York City for Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019.[123][122][124] The giant flag was produced by the flag originator Gilbert Baker, and measures 131 square metres (1,410 sq ft).[125][126]
In June 2019, to coincide with the fifty-year anniversary of the Stonewall Riots,[127] steps at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park were turned into the largest LGBT pride flag.[128] The rainbow-decorated 12-by-100-foot (3.7 m × 30.5 m) staircase Ascend With Pride was installed June 14–30.[128]
Rainbow crossings
Beginning in the 2010s, cities around the world have begun installing rainbow crossings to celebrate the LGBTQIA+ community, many of which have been made permanent in cities such as Seattle, Paris, San Francisco and Sydney.
Influence
Additional pride flags
The popularity of the rainbow flag has influenced the creation and adoption of a wide variety of multi-color multi-striped flags used to communicate specific identities within the LGBT community, including the
Spirit Day
Spirit Day, an annual LGBT awareness day since 2010, takes its name from the violet stripe representing "spirit" on the rainbow flag. Participants wear purple to show support for LGBT youth who are victims of bullying.[132][133][134]
See also
- GLBT Historical Society: archival collection includes the only known surviving remnant of the original 1978 rainbow flags, along with a sewing machine used in their creation
- Rainbows in culture
- Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
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External links
- Original 1978 Rainbow Flag at the GLBT Historical Society
- "Unsung Heroes of the Gay World: Vexillographer Gilbert Baker". UK Gay News. April 17, 2008. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.