Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
Rainier III | |||||
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Cardiothoracic Centre of Monaco, Monaco | |||||
Burial | 15 April 2005 , Monaco | ||||
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Education |
Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi;
Rainier was born at the
Rainier married American film star Grace Kelly in 1956, which generated global media attention. They had three children: Caroline, Albert and Stéphanie. Rainier died in April 2005 from complications relating to a lung infection as a result of frequent smoking; he was succeeded by his son, Albert II.
Early life
Rainier was born at
Rainier's early education was conducted in England, at the
In 1944, the day before his 21st birthday, Rainier's mother renounced her right to the Monegasque throne and Rainier became Prince Louis's direct heir. In
Rainier became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco upon the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, on 9 May 1949, at the age of 25.[2]
Reign
After ascending the throne, Rainier III worked to recoup Monaco's lustre, which had become tarnished through financial neglect and scandal (his mother, Princess Charlotte, took a noted jewel thief known as René the Cane as her lover). Upon ascension, the Prince found a treasury that was practically empty. Monaco's traditional gambling clientele, largely European aristocrats, found themselves with reduced funds after World War II. Other successful gambling centres had opened to compete with Monaco. To compensate for the loss of income, Rainier decided to promote Monaco as a
During his reign, the Societé Monégasque de Banques et de Métaux Précieux, a bank which held a significant amount of Monaco's capital, was bankrupted by its investments in a media company in 1955, leading to the resignation of Monaco's cabinet. In 1962, Rainier ratified the Principality's new constitution, which significantly reduced the power of the sovereign.[5] He had suspended the previous constitution in 1959, saying that it "has hindered the administrative and political life of the country". The changes ended autocratic rule, placing power with both the Prince and a National Council of eighteen elected members.[6]
At the time of his death, he was the world's
Personal life
In the 1940s and 1950s, Rainier had a ten-year relationship with the French film actress Gisèle Pascal, whom he had met while a student at Montpellier University,[3] and the couple lived at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat.[citation needed] Rainier's sister, Princess Antoinette, wishing her own son to ascend the throne, spread rumors that Pascal was infertile. The rumours combined with a snobbery over Pascal's family origins ultimately ended the relationship.[7]
Rainier established a postal museum in 1950: the Museum of Stamps and Coins, in Monaco's Fontvieille district[8] by using the collections of the Monegasque princes Albert I and Louis II. The prestigious philatelic collectors organization, Club de Monte-Carlo de l'Élite de la Philatélie, was established in 1999 under his direct patronage. The club is headquartered at the postal museum, and its membership restricted to institutions and one hundred prestigious collectors.[9] Rainier organized exhibitions of rare and exceptional postage stamps and letters with the club's members.[9]
Throughout his reign, Rainier surveyed all the process of creation of Monaco stamps. He preferred stamps printed in
Rainier's car collection was opened to the public as the
Marriage and family
The Prince met
The union was met with mass attention from the public, and was described as the "wedding of the century" and the "world's most anticipated wedding" by the media. The civil ceremony took place at the Palace on 18 April, with the religious wedding being held on 19 April at the
Princess Grace gave birth to their first child, Princess Caroline, on 23 January 1957. Their second child and heir, Prince Albert, was born on 14 March 1958. Their youngest, Princess Stéphanie, was born 1 February 1965, with all children having been delivered at the Palace.
In 1979, the Prince made his acting debut alongside the Princess in a half-hour independent film, Rearranged, produced in Monaco. After its premiere in Monaco, Princess Grace showed it to ABC TV executives in New York in 1982, who expressed interest if extra scenes were shot. However, Grace died in a car crash caused by a stroke in 1982, making it impossible to expand the film for American release.[12][13][14] After Grace's death, Rainier refused to remarry.[15] He established the Princess Grace Foundation-USA in 1982 in her honor, to support fledging American artists.
Illness and death
Prince Rainier smoked 60 cigarettes a day.[16] In the last years of his life his health progressively declined. He underwent surgery in late 1999 and 2000, and was hospitalized in November 2002 for a chest infection. He spent three weeks in hospital in January 2004 for what was described as general fatigue.[17] In February 2004, he was hospitalized with a coronary lesion and a damaged blood vessel.[18] In October he was again in hospital with a lung infection. In November of that year, Prince Albert appeared on CNN's Larry King Live and told Larry King that his father was fine, though he was suffering from bronchitis.[19]
On 7 March 2005, he was again hospitalized with a lung infection. Rainier was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit on 22 March. One day later, on 23 March, it was announced he was on a
On 31 March 2005, following consultation with the
On 1 April 2005, the Palace announced that Rainier's doctors believed his chances of recovery were "slim".
Honours
- France: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour[26]
- Iran Commemorative Medal of the 2,500-year Celebration of the Persian Empire[27]
- Italy: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[28]
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit
- Portugal: Grand Cross with Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword[29]
- Republic of San Marino: Grand Cross of the Equestrian Order of Saint-Marin[26]
Awards
- IOC International Olympic Committee: Recipient of the Gold Olympic Order[30]
Arms and emblems
Coat of arms of Prince Rainier III of Monaco |
Monogram of Prince Rainier III |
Dual cypher of Prince Rainier and Princess Grace |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco[31] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Prince Rainier Day
References
- ^ Rainier III, prince de Monaco at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b c d "Obituary: Prince Rainier III of Monaco.", The Times, London, 7 April 2005, p. 58.
- ^ a b Von Bergen, Julie. (2017). Rainer III, Prince of Monaco. Great Neck Publishing, 2017.
- ^ a b "The House of Grimaldi: Rainier III- The Builder Prince of Monaco". HelloMonaco. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Monaco Now | Rainier III, the Builder Prince". Monaco Now. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Prince Rainier III of Monaco". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 April 2005.
- ^ "Obituary: Giselle Pascal". The Independent. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Monaco: Refreshing Rainier". Stamp Magazine. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Museums". Why 100 of the world's top collectors will be in Monaco this weekend. Paul Fraser Collectibles. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ "Monaco Top Cars Collection". FIA Heritage Museums. FIA. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ^ 1956: Prince Rainier marries Grace Kelly, BBC: On This Day. Accessed 31 May 2008.
- ^ "Rearranged (1982)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "CNN.com – Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ISBN 9781629149677. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ Dennis Barker. "Prince Rainier of Monaco | World news". theguardian.com. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
- ^ Dennis Barker. "Prince Rainier of Monaco | News". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Prince Rainier moved to intensive care – World news – Europe". NBC News. 22 March 2005. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
- ^ "Prince Rainier III, 81; Ruler Transformed Monaco, Made Grace Kelly His Princess". Los Angeles Times. 7 April 2005.
- ^ Interview With Prince Albert of Monaco, CNN, 18 November 2004. Accessed 31 May 2008.
- ^ "Rainier's condition 'stabilises'". BBC News. 27 March 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ Son of ailing Prince Rainier takes over duties, MSNBC, 31 March 2005. Accessed 31 May 2008.
- ^ "Rainier's recovery chances slim, doctors say". CBC News. 1 April 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ "Monaco's Prince Rainier, 81, dies". BBC News. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ "Monaco Cathedral". Service Informatique du Ministère d'Etat (Monaco Minister of State Information Service). 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ a b Randall, Colin (16 April 2005). "Monaco's farewell to its sovereign and friend". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ a b Chiavassa, Henri (1964). The History of the Principality of Monaco as Seen Through its Postage Stamps. Monaco: Postage Stamp Issuing Office. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ "Grand State Banquet". badraie.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Quirinale.it. 30 May 1953. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "CIDADÃOS ESTRANGEIROS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas". Ordens.presidencia.pt. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ A few dates
- ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6