Rajasthan

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Coordinates: 26°36′N 73°48′E / 26.6°N 73.8°E / 26.6; 73.8
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For the film, see Rajasthan (film). For other uses, see Rajasthan (disambiguation).

Rajasthan
Amer Fort
Emblem of Rajasthan
Etymology: Land of Kings
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate

(Truth alone triumphs)
Formation
30 March 1949
BJP
)
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyRajasthan Legislative Assembly (200 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha10 seats
 • Lok Sabha25 seats
High CourtRajasthan High Court
Area
 • Total342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi)
 • Rank
Emblem of Rajasthan
BirdGodawan
FlowerRohida
MammalCamel and Chinkara[11]
TreeKhejri
State highway mark
State highway of Rajasthan
RJ SH1 -RJ SH138
List of Indian state symbols

Rajasthan (Hindi:

Indus River valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat
to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23°.3' to 30°.12' North latitude and 69°.30' to 78°.17' East longitude, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through its southernmost tip.

Its major features include the ruins of the

Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site[16] known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur, Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve in Kota
.

The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the

human development index.[8]

Etymology

Rajasthan means "The Land of Kings" and is a portmanteau of Sanskrit "Rājā" ('King') and Sanskrit "Sthāna" ('Land') or Persian "St(h)ān", with the same meaning.[12] The oldest reference to Rajasthan is found in a stone inscription dated back to 625 CE.[18] The first printed mention of the name Rajasthan appears in the 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of Rajputana as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories.[19] John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that Rajputana was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".[20]

History

Main articles:
List of battles of Rajasthan

Ancient times

Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the

Indus Valley civilisation. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[21] Topsfield[22] writes that the Rajputs first entered India from the north west in the first millennium A.D. They established kingdoms in western India in the region that is now known as Rajasthan.[22]

A archaeological excavation at the Balathal site in Udaipur district shows a settlement contemporary with the Harrapan civilisation dating back to 3000–1500 BCE. Stone Age tools dating from 5,000 to 200,000 years were found in Bundi and Bhilwara districts of the state.[23]

The

Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder King Virata.[26][need quotation to verify
]

Bhargava

Chyawanprash was formulated, were near Dhosi Hill, part of which lies in Dhosi village of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and part of which lies in Mahendragarh district of Haryana.[29]

The

calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state.[30]

Classical era

Gurjara-Pratihara

Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at the Baroli Temple Complex. The temples were built between the 10th and 11th centuries CE by the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

The Pratiharas ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country; the region was known as

Gurjaratra.[31] Up to the 10th century CE, almost all of North India acknowledged the supremacy of the Imperial Pratiharas, with their seat of power at Kannauj.[32]

The

Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their only conquest for nearly 300 years.[33]

Medieval and early modern eras

class=notpageimage|
Rajputana territory (brown), and main South Asian polities c. 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the Mughal Empire.[34][35]

The

Hindu culture at their courts,[22]

The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and chivalry for centuries. The Ranas of Mewar led other kingdoms in their resistance to outside rule. Rana

Lodi Empire of Delhi and crushed the Turkic Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat. Rana Sanga then tried to create an Indian empire but was defeated by the first Mughal Emperor Babur at Khanwa. The defeat was due to betrayal by the Tomar King Silhadi of Raisen. After Rana Sanga's death, Marwar rose as a power center in Rajasthan under Rao Maldeo Rathore. He conquered Jaisalmer, parts of Gujarat, Jalore, Nagaur, Ajmer, Sanchore, Bhinmal, Radhanpur, Bayana, Tonk, Toda and Nabhara. He expanded the territories of Marwar up to Sindh-Cholistan in west and his northern boundary was just fifty kilometres from Delhi.[37][38] After defeating Humayun, Sher Shah came towards Rajputana. He defeated Chiefs of Rathore army by trickery in Battle of Sammel and captured some territory of Marwar but it was recovered by Rathores in 1545.[39]

Battle of Delhi[42] before acceding to the throne of Delhi and establishing the "Hindu Raj" in North India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Qila in Delhi. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat
fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556.

Akbar shoots the Rajput commander Jaimal using a matchlock, during the Siege of Chittor (1567–1568).

During Akbar's reign most of the Rajput kings accepted Mughal suzerainty, but the rulers of Mewar (Rana Udai Singh II) and Marwar (Rao Chandrasen Rathore) refused to have any form of alliance with the Mughals. To teach the Rajputs a lesson Akbar attacked Udai Singh and killed Rajput commander Jaimal of Chitor and the citizens of Mewar in large numbers. Akbar killed 20,000–25,000 unarmed citizens in Chittor on the grounds that they had actively helped in the resistance.[43]

Maharana Pratap took an oath to avenge the citizens of Chittor; he fought the Mughal empire till his death and liberated most of Mewar apart from Chittor itself. Maharana Pratap soon became the most celebrated warrior of Rajasthan and became famous all over India for his sporadic warfare and noble actions. According to Satish Chandra, "Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitutes a glorious saga of Rajput valor and the spirit of self-sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of sporadic warfare were later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji".[44]

Rana

Jehangir, he repelled the Mughal armies at Dewar. Later an expedition was again sent under the leadership of Prince Khurram, which caused much damage to life and property of Mewar. Many temples were destroyed, several villages were put on fire and women and children were captured and tortured to make Amar Singh accept surrender.[45]

During Aurangzeb's rule Rana Raj Singh I and Veer Durgadas Rathore were chief among those who defied the intolerant emperor of Delhi. They took advantage of the Aravalli hills and caused heavy damage to the Mughal armies that were trying to occupy Rajasthan.[46][47]

After Aurangzeb's death

Jats, under Suraj Mal, overran the Mughal garrison at Agra and plundered the city taking with them the two great silver doors of the entrance of the famous Taj Mahal which were then melted down by Suraj Mal in 1763.[49]

Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the late 18th century, Rajputana came under the influence of the Marathas. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.[50]

In the 19th century, the Rajput kingdoms were exhausted, they had been drained financially and in manpower after continuous wars and due to heavy tributes exacted by the Maratha Empire. To save their kingdoms from instability, rebellions and banditry the Rajput kings concluded treaties with the British in the early 19th century, accepting British suzerainty and control over their external affairs in return for internal autonomy.[51]

  • Rana Kumbha was the vanguard of the fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.[52]
    Rana Kumbha was the vanguard of the fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.[52]
  • The emperor Hemu, who rose from obscurity and briefly established himself as ruler in northern India, from Punjab to Bengal, in defiance of the warring Sur and Mughal Empires.
    The emperor Hemu, who rose from obscurity and briefly established himself as ruler in northern India, from Punjab to Bengal, in defiance of the warring Sur and Mughal Empires.
  • Durgadas Rathore, a Rathore Rajput warrior of Jodhpur who played an important role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Marwar and for his rebellion against Aurangzeb.
    Durgadas Rathore, a Rathore Rajput warrior of Jodhpur who played an important role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Marwar and for his rebellion against Aurangzeb.
  • Maharana Pratap Singh, sixteenth-century Rajput ruler of Mewar, known for his defence of his realm against Mughal invasion.
    Maharana Pratap Singh, sixteenth-century Rajput ruler of Mewar, known for his defence of his realm against Mughal invasion.
  • Suraj Mal was ruler of Bharatpur. Some contemporary historians described him as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.[53]
    Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.[53]

Modern era

See also: List of palaces in Rajasthan

The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the

Pathans. The three chiefships were Lawa, Neemrana and Kushalgarh.[56]

Geography

Main article: Climate of Rajasthan

The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi).[57] Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River.[58] Although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

Mount Abu.

The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak

alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.[59]

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the

Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges
.

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the City of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and a major metropolitan area of India which is known as the gateway of the Thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, and Nagaur. This area is also important from a defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is one of the largest airbases in India, BSF and Military bases are also situated here. Currently four civil airports are located here: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Nagaur, of which Jodhpur is the major civil airport, being the 44th busiest airport in India and one of the oldest air strips of India, being built in the 1920s.

The

Sarasvati river
.

Flora and fauna

Main article:
Wildlife of Rajasthan
State symbols of Rajasthan
Formation day 1 November
State animal Chinkara[60] and camel[61]
State bird Godavan (great Indian bustard)[60]
State flower
Rohida[60]
State tree Khejri[60]
critically endangered
since 2011

The

spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are some of the raptor species seen in Desert National Park. Road traffic inside the Park is, however, a threat to several wild species of the park with several species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals reported to have died as roadkill.[63]

The Ranthambore National Park located in Sawai Madhopur,[64] one of the well known tiger reserves in the country, became a part of Project Tiger in 1973.

sand grouse.[65] The great Indian bustard, known locally as the godavan, and which is a state bird, has been classed as critically endangered since 2011.[66]

Wildlife protection

Reclining tiger, Ranthambore National Park

Rajasthan is also noted for its national parks and

Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer. A national-level institute, Arid Forest Research Institute
(AFRI) an autonomous institute of the ministry of forestry is situated in Jodhpur and continuously works on desert flora and their conservation.

Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.

Governance and administration

Main articles:
Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. The governor serves as the state's constitutional leader, whereas the chief minister assumes the role of both the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The Legislative Assembly consists of 200 members who are elected for five-year terms. The state contributes 25 seats to Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, and 10 seats to Rajya Sabha, the upper house.[68][69]

The

Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of Indian Administrative Service
(IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.

For the administration purpose, the state is divided into 10 divisions and 50 districts.

Superintendent of Police, also an IPS officer, who is supported by officers from the Rajasthan Police Services. Their primary responsibility involves maintaining law and order and addressing relevant issues within their respective districts. The management of forests, environment, and wildlife in the district is overseen by the Divisional Forest Officer, who is a member of the Indian Forest Service
. This responsibility is carried out with the assistance of officers from the Rajasthan Forest Service and Rajasthan Subordinate Service.

Rajasthan High Court

Rajasthan has its High court Jodhpur which has its principal seat at Jodhpur and a bench at Jaipur, with district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.[71] The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of Rajasthan judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the governor of Rajasthan. In Rajasthan, the Subordinate Judicial Service is an essential component of the state's judiciary, and it is divided into two categories: the Rajasthan Civil Judicial Services and the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service.[72] The former includes Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and Civil Judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate. On the other hand, the latter consists of Civil and Sessions Judges. The District Judge has control over the Subordinate Judicial Service in Rajasthan.

The politics of Rajasthan has mainly been dominated mainly by the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress.

Chief Secretary Of Rajasthan is Usha Sharma[73] and Director General of Police or DGP of Rajasthan is Umesh Mishra.[74]

Divisions, districts and cities

Main article:
Districts of Rajasthan
refer caption
Districts of Rajasthan
Jag Mandir from a distance, Lake Pichola
, Udaipur.
Modern Jodhpur skyline

Rajasthan is composed of the following geographical regions:

  1. Ajmer State
  2. Bagar
  3. Hadoti
  4. Dhundhar
  5. Gorwar
  6. Shekhawati
  7. Mewar
  8. Marwar
  9. Vagad
  10. Mewat

Rajasthan is divided into 50 districts within Ten

divisions
:

Division
Districts
Jaipur
  • Kotputli-Bahroad
    • Jodhpur
    • Jodhpur
    • Jodhpur Gramin
    • Balotara
    Ajmer
    • Tonk
    • Shahpura
    • Kekadi
    • Deedwana-Kuchaman
    Udaipur
  • Bhilwara
  • Rajsamand
    • Bikaner
    • Hanumangarh
    Kota
    • Kota
    Bharatpur
    Sikar Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Neem ka thana, Churu
    Pali Pali, Sirohi, Jalore, Sanchore
    Banswara Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh

    A

    Zilla Parishad (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat (village councils) at the lower level. Rajasthan has 5 cities with over one million population. The absolute urban population of the state is 17.4 million, which constitutes 24.87% of the total urban population of the state. There are 10 municipal corporations, 34 municipal councils and 172 municipal boards or nagar pachayats in the state. Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Kota have two municipal corporations each since October 2019, as their populations have exceeded 1 million.[75]

    Communication

    Major internet service provider (ISP) and telecom companies are present in Rajasthan including

    RailTel Corporation of India, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI). Data Infosys was the first ISP to bring the internet to Rajasthan in April 1999[76] and OASIS
    was the first private mobile telephone company.

    Economy

    Main article: Economy of Rajasthan
    Timeline of the Bhadla Solar Park (India) development, the World's largest photovoltaic power plants cluster in 2020

    Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and

    oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal
    irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

    Wind turbines near Bada Bagh, Rajasthan.

    The main industries are mineral based, agriculture-based, and

    guar gum
    industries. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor set to benefit economically. The state gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.[77]

    Rajasthan also has reserves of low-silica limestone.[78]

    Rajasthan connected 100% of its population to electricity power in 2019 (raising the rate of electricity access from 71% of the population in 2015).[79] The renewable energy sector plays the most important role in the increase of generation capacities, with the main focus on solar energy. In 2020, Bhadla Solar Park was recognised as the largest cluster of photovoltaic power plants in a single region in the world, with the installed power exceeding the 2.2 gigawatt peak.

    Transportation

    Bikaner Airport and Jaisalmer Airport.[80] Domestic airports are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and shares its airside with the Indian Air Force. These airports connect Rajasthan with the major cities of India such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore
    .

    Luxury tourist train Maharajas' Express runs across North-West and Central India, mainly centered on Rajasthan. There is also an international railway, the Thar Express from Jodhpur (India) to Karachi (Pakistan). However, this is not open to foreign nationals. Jaipur Metro
    is the metro rail system in the city of Jaipur. It is the only metro rail system in Rajasthan and has been operational since 3 June 2015. It is the first metro in India to run on triple-storey elevated road and metro track.

    The state is served by a substantial road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 33

    NH-8 which is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral project. Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC) was established in 1964 to provide economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[83] For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. Average speed on state highways varies between 50 and 60 kilometres per hour (31–37 mph) due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (16–19 mph).[84]

    Demographics

    See also: List of people from Rajasthan
    Historical population
    YearPop.±% p.a.
    190110,294,090—    
    191110,983,509+0.65%
    192110,292,648−0.65%
    193111,747,974+1.33%
    194113,863,859+1.67%
    195115,970,774+1.42%
    196120,155,602+2.35%
    197125,765,806+2.49%
    198134,261,862+2.89%
    199144,005,990+2.53%
    200156,507,188+2.53%
    201168,548,437+1.95%
    source:[85]

    Religion in Rajasthan (2011)[86]

      Hinduism (88.49%)
      Islam (9.07%)
      Sikhism (1.27%)
      Jainism (0.91%)
      Christianity (0.14%)
      Buddhism (0.02%)
      Other religions (0.01%)
      Not stated (0.10%)

    According to the

    Sindh province (now in Pakistan) during the India-Pakistan separation in 1947. As for religion, Rajasthan's residents are mainly Hindus, who account for 88.49% of the population. Muslims make up 9.07%, Sikhs 1.27% and Jains 0.91% of the population.[87]

    Brahmins, according to

    BBC Hindi report, Meenas were 14% and Gurjars were 4% of the state's population.[94]

    Largest cities of Rajasthan by population
    City Population
    Jaipur
    3,073,349
    Jodhpur
    1,138,300
    Kota
    1,001,694
    Bikaner
    647,804
    Ajmer
    551,101
    Udaipur
    474,531
    Bhilwara
    360,009
    Alwar
    341,422
    Bharatpur
    252,838
    Sri Ganganagar
    249,914

    Language

    Languages of Rajasthan (2011)[95]

      
    Rajasthani (36.88%)
      Hindi (27.34%)
      Marwari (9.05%)
      Mewari (6.1%)
      Wagdi (5.54%)
      Hadauti (4.29%)
      Dhundari (2.15%)
      Punjabi (1.68%)
      Braj Bhasha (1.19%)
      Bagri
    (1.03%)
      Others (4.75%)

    Hindi is the official language of the state, while English is the additional official language.[15]

    The languages of Rajasthan primarily belong to the Rajasthani group of Indo-Aryan languages, which most people regard as their own language. In the north are dialects of Punjabi and Bagri, which is a transition between Rajasthani and Punjabi. In the northeast Shekhawati and Dhundari are spoken which gradually merge with Haryanvi. In the east Mewati is spoken in the Mewat region, while in the far east Braj is spoken.[96] To the southeast Haryanvi is spoken. To the west in the heart of the Thar Desert Marwari is spoken, which merges to Gujarati in the southwest. In the south, in the Mewar region, Mewari is spoken, while in the hills of Wagad, Wagdi, a Bhil language, is spoken. Many speakers of Rajasthani languages refer to their language as Hindi, and Standard Hindi is the medium of education and is common in cities. Urdu is also common in cities although the vast majority of Muslims speak one of the Rajasthani languages as their first language. Sindhi is also common in the cities and along the border with Sindh in Pakistan where Dhatki, a transition between Marwari and Sindhi, is the main dialect on both sides of the border.[citation needed]

    The languages taught under the three-language formula are:[97]

    • First language: Hindi
    • Second language: English
    • Third language: Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi or Urdu

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of Rajasthan
    Part of a series on
    Rajasthani people
    Culture
    Religion
    Language
    Notable people
    Rajasthan Portal

    Food

    Rajasthani food

    Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa (milk cake),[99] Kadhi kachori from Ajmer, Malpua from Pushkar, Daal kachori (Kota kachori) from Kota and rassgullas from Bikaner.[100] Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept of Marwari Bhojnalaya or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food popular among Marwari people. Ghee is an essential ingredient in most Rajasthani cuisines, and dollops of ghee are poured over food as a welcoming gesture for guests.

    Dal Bati Choorma, a traditional Rajasthani Dish

    Dal-baati-churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the baati, and then pour pure ghee on top of it. It is served with daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney; it is also served with besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan.[101]

    Music and dance

    The

    Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture.[103] Folk songs are commonly ballads that relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi
    are also sung.

    Art

    Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colourful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints,

    chaniya choli.[105]
    A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colours such as blue, yellow, and orange.

    Education

    See also: List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan and University of Rajasthan
    NIIT University in Neemrana, Rajasthan

    In recent years, Rajasthan has worked on improving education. The state government has been making sustained efforts to raise the education standard.

    Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. The medium of instruction in most of the schools is mainly English, or Hindi. Under the

    liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), and the National Institute of Open School (NIOS)
    .

    Rajasthan has 52 universities, 26 state funded public universities, 7

    deemed universities, an IIT in Jodhpur, an IIM in Udaipur, an NIT in Jaipur, a National Law University in Jodhpur, and one central and state-run university.[106][107] Kota, is renowned for being a hub for training students in various national-level competitive exams that are necessary for securing admission to engineering and medical colleges across the country. In order to promote a reading culture among the rural population, the state has established new libraries up to the panchayat level and computerised all public libraries throughout the state, providing modern amenities to readers and subscriber.[108]

    Literacy

    In recent decades the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%).[109] At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising literacy rates.[110][111]

    In rural areas of Rajasthan, the literacy rate is 76.16% for males and 45.8% for females. This has been debated across all the party levels, when the governor of Rajasthan set a minimum educational qualification for the village panchayat elections.[112][113][114]

    Tourism

    Main article: Tourism in Rajasthan
    Man in Rajasthan, India.

    Rajasthan attracted a total of 45.9 million domestic and 1.6 million foreign tourists in 2017, which is the tenth highest in terms of domestic visitors and fifth highest in foreign tourists.[115] The tourism industry in Rajasthan is growing effectively each year and is becoming one of the major income sources for the state government.[116] Rajasthan is home to many attractions for domestic and foreign travellers, including the forts and palaces of Jaipur, the lakes of Udaipur, the temples of Rajsamand and Pali, sand dunes of Jaisalmer and Bikaner, Havelis of Mandawa and Fatehpur, the wildlife of Sawai Madhopur, the scenery of Mount Abu, the tribes of Dungarpur and Banswara, and the cattle fair of Pushkar.

    Rajasthan is known for its customs,

    Kite festival
    of Jodhpur, Kolayat fair in Bikaner are some of the most popular fairs and festivals of Rajasthan.

    See also

    References

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    Further reading

    • Bhattacharya, Manoshi. 2008. The Royal Rajputs: Strange Tales and Stranger Truths. Rupa & Co, New Delhi.
    • Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural. J. S. Gahlot Research Institute, Jodhpur.
    • Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. History of Rajasthan. Jain Pustak Mandir, Jaipur.
    • Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,. Numerous reprints, including 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi. 1990.
      ISBN 81-85395-68-3
      (set of 3 vols.)
    • Mathur, P.C., 1995. Social and Economic Dynamics of Rajasthan Politics (Jaipur, Aaalekh)

    External links

    Government

    General information

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