Ram Khamhaeng

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For other uses, see Ram Khamhaeng (disambiguation).

Ram Khamhaeng the Great
พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช
Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng maharat
Phra Ruang Dynasty
FatherSi Inthrathit
MotherSueang
ReligionTheravada Buddhism

Ram Khamhaeng (

Phra Ruang Dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (a historical kingdom of Thailand
) from 1279 to 1298, during its most prosperous era.

He is credited for the creation of the

Thai alphabet and the firm establishment of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom.[1]: 197 [2]
: 25 

Birth and name

Ram Khamhaeng was a son of Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, who ruled as Pho Khun Si Inthrathit, and his queen, Sueang,[3] though folk legend claims his real parents were an ogress named Kangli and a fisherman.[4]: 23  He had two brothers and two sisters. The eldest brother died while very young. The second, Ban Mueang, became king following their father's death and was succeeded by Ram Khamhaeng on his death.[5]

At age 19, he participated in his father's successful invasion of the city of

Si Satchanalai
.

The Royal Institute of Thailand speculates that Ram Khamhaeng's birth name was "Ram" (derived from Rama, the name of the hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana), as his name following his coronation was "Pho Khun Ramarat" (Thai: พ่อขุนรามราช). Furthermore, the tradition at the time was to give the name of a grandfather to a grandson; according to both the 11th Stone Inscription and the Ayutthaya Chronicles by Prasoet Aksoranit, Ram Khamhaeng had a grandson named "Phraya Ram", and two grandsons of Phraya Ram were named "Phraya Ban Mueang" and "Phraya Ram".

In English, an alternate spelling of his name is Ramkhamhaeng. The title Maharat (Thai: มหาราช) is the Thai translation of “the Great King”.

Accession

King Mangrai of Lan Na (center), and King Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhothai
(right).

Tri Amattayakun (

sugar palm tree in Sukhothai. Prasert na Nagara of the Royal Institute speculates that this was a tradition of Tai Ahom monarchs, who planted banyan or sugar palm trees on their coronation day
in the hope that their reign would achieve the same stature as the tree.

The most significant event at the beginning of his reign was the elopement of one of his daughters, Thai: แม่นางสร้อยดาว, RTGS: Mae-nang Soidao, "Lady Soidao" May Hnin Thwe-Da, with the captain of the palace guards, a commoner. The commoner would found the Burmese Hanthawaddy Kingdom and commission compilation of the Code of Wareru, which would provide a basis for the law of Thailand used in Siam until 1908,[6] and in Burma to the present.[7][8]

Reign

Ram Khamhaeng sent embassies to Yuan China from 1282 to 1323 and imported the techniques to make the ceramics now known as Sangkhalok ceramic ware. He had close relationships with the rulers of nearby city-states, especially Ngam Muang, the ruler of neighboring Phayao (whose wife, according to legend, he seduced), and King Mangrai of Chiang Mai.[1]: 206  His campaign against Cambodia left the Khmer country "utterly devastated".[9]: 90 

According to Thai history, Ram Khamhaeng is credited with creating the

Grantha alphabets.[citation needed
]

It is speculated that Ram Khamhaeng expanded his kingdom as far as Lampang, Phrae, and Nan in the north, Phitsanulok and Vientiane in the east, the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom in the south, the Mon kingdoms of what is now Myanmar in the west, and the Bay of Bengal in the northwest. However, in the mandala political model, kingdoms such as Sukhothai lacked distinct borders, instead being centered on the strength of the capital itself.[10] Claims of Ram Khamhaeng's large kingdom were intended to assert Siamese dominance over mainland Southeast Asia.[10]

Death

According to the Chinese History of Yuan, King Ram Khamhaeng died in 1298 and was succeeded by his son, Loe Thai, though George Cœdès says it is "more probable" it was "shortly before 1318". Legend holds that Khamhaeng perished in the rapids of the rivers of Sawankhalok. Another source says he was slain by a Malay warrior princess named Adruja Wijayamala Singha during a battle between Thai and Malay armies, in a campaign to conquer Malay lands that make up a third of modern Thailand today.[1]: 218–219 

Ramkhamhaeng stele, Bangkok National Museum

Legacy

Ram Khamhaeng Inscription

Main article: Ram Khamhaeng Inscription

Much of the traditional biographical information comes from the inscription on the Ram Khamhaeng stele, composed in 1292, and contains vague facts about the king.[1]: 196–198  It is now found in the Bangkok National Museum. The formal name of the stele is the "King Ram Khamhaeng Inscription". It was added to the Memory of the World Register in 2003 by UNESCO.

Sangkhalok ceramic ware

Main article: Sangkhalok ceramic ware

Ram Khamhaeng is credited with bringing the skills of ceramic making from China and laying the foundation of a strong ceramic ware industry in the Sukhothai Kingdom.[1]: 206–207  Sukhothai for centuries was the major exporter of the ceramics known as "Sangkhalok ware" (Thai: เครื่องสังคโลก) to countries such as Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and even to China. The industry was one of the main revenue generators during his reign and long afterward.

Banknote

The reverse of the 20

Baht note (series 16), issued in 2013, depicts images of the royal statue of Ram Khamhaeng seated on the Manangkhasila Asana Throne and commemorates the invention of the Thai script by the king.[11]

Honour

Ramkhamhaeng University, the first Thai university with an open-door policy and with campuses throughout the country was named after Ram Khamhaeng.

Video games

King Ramkhamhaeng is a playable ruler for the Siamese in Sid Meier's Civilization V.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  2. ^ Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited
  3. ISBN 974-88735-5-2
    .
  4. ISBN 978-974-7047-67-7
    . Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  5. ^ Prasert and Griswold (1992), p. 265-267
  6. ^ T. Masao, (Toshiki Masao) (1908). "The New Penal Code of Siam" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 5 (2). Siam Society Heritage Trust: 1–10. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  7. ^ Lingat, R. (1950). "Evolution of the Conception of Law in Burma and Siam" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 38 (1). Siam Society Heritage Trust: 13–24. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  8. ^ Griswold, Alexander B.; Prasert na Nagara (1969). "Epigraphic and Historical Studies No. 4: A Law Promulgated By the King of Ayudhyā in 1397 A.D" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 57 (1). Siam Society Heritage Trust: 109–148. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  9. ISBN 9747534991
  10. ^ a b Siam Mapped: A history of the geo-body of a nation, by Thongchai Winichakul, University of Hawaii Press. 1994. p 163.
  11. ^ "History and Series of Banknotes, 20 Baht Series 16". BOT. Bank of Thailand. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  • ตรี อมาตยกุล. (2523, 2524, 2525 และ 2527). "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัย." แถลงงานประวัติศาสตร์ เอกสารโบราณคดี, (ปีที่ 14 เล่ม 1, ปีที่ 15 เล่ม 1, ปีที่ 16 เล่ม 1 และปีที่ 18 เล่ม 1).
  • ประชุมศิลาจารึก ภาคที่ 1. (2521). คณะกรรมการพิจารณาและจัดพิมพ์เอกสารทางประวัติศาสตร์. กรุงเทพฯ : โรงพิมพ์สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี.
  • ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2534). "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัยจากจารึก." งานจารึกและประวัติศาสตร์ของประเสริฐ ณ นคร. มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กำแพงแสน.
  • ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2544). "รามคำแหงมหาราช, พ่อขุน". สารานุกรมไทยฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, (เล่ม 25 :
    ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน
    -โลกธรรม). กรุงเทพฯ : สหมิตรพริ้นติ้ง. หน้า 15887–15892.
  • ประเสริฐ ณ นคร. (2534). "ลายสือไทย". งานจารึกและประวัติศาสตร์ของประเสริฐ ณ นคร. มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กำแพงแสน.
  • เจ้าพระยาพระคลัง (หน). (2515). ราชาธิราช. พระนคร : บรรณาการ.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ram Khamhaeng the Great.
Ram Khamhaeng
Phra Ruang Dynasty
Born: (around 1237-1247) Died: 1298
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sukhothai
1279–1298 		Vacant
Sai Songkhram (Regent)
Title next held by
Loe Thai
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