Randall Davidson
Cosmo Lang | |
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Personal details | |
Born | Edinburgh | 7 April 1848
Died | 25 May 1930 London | (aged 82)
Denomination | Anglican |
Spouse |
Edith Murdoch Tait (m. 1878) |
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | |
Hereditary peer 14 November 1928 – 25 May 1930 | |
Randall Thomas Davidson, 1st Baron Davidson of Lambeth,
Born in Edinburgh to a Scottish
Davidson was conciliatory by nature, and spent much time throughout his term of office striving to keep the church together in the face of deep and sometimes acrimonious divisions between
Though cautious about bringing the church into domestic party politics, Davidson did not shy away from larger political issues: he played a key role in the passage of the reforming
Early years
Davidson was born in Edinburgh on 7 April 1848, the eldest of the four children of Henry Davidson, a prosperous
In 1862, at the age of 14, Davidson became a pupil at
In the summer holidays of 1866, before his final year at Harrow, Davidson suffered an accident that affected the rest of his life. While rabbit-shooting along with his brother and a friend, Davidson was accidentally shot in the lower back.[2] The wound was severe and could have been fatal,[6] but he slowly recovered. He recalled:
I got about at first on crutches, which I had to use for a long time, and it was supposed that my leg would always be more or less helpless; but by degrees this went away, and I got back full power, save for a permanently weak ankle, which seems a strange effect to follow from a wound in the hip. There were also other troubles inaugurated, which have never passed away, though I have been able to ignore them more or less. Had anyone prophesied in those autumn months that I should a couple of years later be winning a cup at racquets at Oxford, it would have been ludicrous.[9]
Although Davidson gradually made an unexpectedly good recovery,[n 1] the accident marred his last year at Harrow, where he had hoped to compete for several senior prizes;[12] it also ruined his chances of an Oxford scholarship.[13]
Davidson went up as a
After leaving Oxford, Davidson rejoined his family in Scotland and then went with his parents on a six-week tour of Italy. On his return he began a course of study in London with
Curate and chaplain
One of Davidson's closest friends from his Oxford days was Craufurd Tait, son of Archibald Campbell Tait. Like Davidson, Craufurd was preparing for ordination; his father was by now Archbishop of Canterbury, and the two friends were accepted for ordination as deacons in the Archbishop's diocese. They were ordained in March 1874, and Davidson was assigned as curate to the vicar of Dartford in Kent. He was ordained priest the following year.[23] During his two and a half years at Dartford, Davidson served under two vicars; the first was a moderate high churchman and the second a moderate evangelical. Bell writes that the young curate learnt a good deal from each, "both in pastoral work and in piety".[24]
Late in 1876 Craufurd Tait, who was working as his father's resident chaplain and private secretary, wished to move on and the Archbishop chose Davidson to succeed him.[21] In May 1877 Davidson began work at Lambeth Palace, the Archbishop's home and headquarters, beginning what Bell describes as "an association with the central life of the Church of England which lasted more than fifty years".[25] Craufurd Tait died after a brief illness in May 1878;[26] his mother never recovered from this blow and died within the year.[27][28] Despite the Archbishop's offers of several attractive parishes over the following years, Davidson felt his place was at the side of the bereaved Tait, who came more and more to rely on him, and called him a "true son".[29] Bell sees this as altruism on Davidson's part; later biographers have suggested that there may also have been an element of personal ambition in his decision to remain at the centre of church affairs.[2][30][n 3]
On 12 November 1878 Davidson married Edith Murdoch Tait (1858–1936), the nineteen-year-old second daughter of the Archbishop. Cosmo Lang, Davidson's friend and eventual successor at Canterbury, described the marriage as a "perfect union of mind and spirit". Edith Davidson became known as a gracious hostess and a supportive wife. There were no children of the marriage.[2]
Over the next four years Davidson played an increasingly influential role at Lambeth Palace. He grew to know Tait's mind thoroughly, and the Archbishop placed complete confidence in his son-in-law, delegating more and more to him. Davidson took the lead on Tait's behalf in the controversy in 1881 between high-church proponents and evangelical opponents of
In 1882 Tait told Davidson that he hoped to be succeeded either by the
Davidson remained at Lambeth Palace as chaplain and secretary to Benson, but in May 1883 the new Dean of Windsor, George Connor, died suddenly after only a few months in office. On Benson's advice, the Queen appointed Davidson to the vacancy.[32]
Dean
At Windsor, Davidson served as Dean – and also as the Queen's private chaplain – for six years. She became increasingly attached to him; they developed closer personal relations after the death of her youngest son,
As well as advising the Queen, Davidson remained a key adviser to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Benson wrote to him nearly every day, and particularly depended on him in 1888–1890 during the trial of
Bishop
Rochester
By 1890 it was clear that despite the Queen's reluctance to lose him from Windsor, Davidson's promotion to a bishopric was overdue.
In
In 1895, towards the end of his time in the diocese, Davidson's seniority as a bishop entitled him to a seat in the House of Lords.[n 8] He relished the ability to contribute to debates, but he had suffered three more spells of illness during his four years in south London, and it became plain that his health was too poor for him to continue in the exceptionally demanding post of Bishop of Rochester.[35]
Winchester
In 1895 Davidson accepted the offer of translation to the largely rural diocese of Winchester, where the workload was less onerous. He renewed his regular contact with the Queen, who spent much time in the diocese, at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.[2] Archbishop Benson died the following year and was succeeded by the Bishop of London, Frederick Temple.[n 9] The Queen vetoed a proposed offer of the vacant bishopric of London to Davidson, on the grounds that his health would not stand it.[2] Temple, unlike his two predecessors, did not turn to Davidson for advice;[n 10] he had a reputation for isolating himself from all the bishops and their views. Davidson greatly regretted his sudden exclusion from national church affairs.[54]
Within his diocese Davidson was drawn into controversy over a high-church breach of
Davidson was at the bedside of the dying Queen Victoria, and played a major role in the arrangements for her funeral in early 1901.[59] When the see of London again fell vacant in February 1901, on the death of Mandell Creighton, it was offered to Davidson, who refused it on firm medical advice.[60] He spoke frequently in the House of Lords, particularly on such topics as education, child protection, alcohol licensing, and working hours in shops.[61] He involved himself when he could in national church policy. His grasp of the issues impressed the Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, who recorded that "the Bishop has the art of stating with great clearness and sympathy the gist of opinions from which he differs" and said that he understood the position of Halifax and the Anglo-Catholic lobby better after discussing it with Davidson.[62]
Balfour continued to seek Davidson's advice. The government sought to reform primary education, and Davidson's input to the framing of the
Archbishop of Canterbury
When Temple was appointed in 1896 there had been three candidates under consideration for the Archbishopric;[n 9] in 1902 Davidson was the only one.[6] It was a generally popular choice, except among the more militant Anglo-Catholics.[6] He was enthroned at Canterbury on 12 February 1903.[65] From the outset, Davidson, unlike Temple, was happy to turn to colleagues for advice. In a 1997 study, Edward Carpenter describes the most prominent of them: John Wordsworth, Bishop of Salisbury, "a man of great if somewhat restricted ecclesiastical learning"; Francis Paget, Bishop of Oxford, "a scholar and theologian"; Edward Talbot, Bishop of Rochester, "a practical Diocesan"; Cosmo Lang, Bishop of Stepney and later Archbishop of York, "a fellow Scotsman who made Lambeth his London home and became almost indispensable" and Lord Stamfordham, who had been Queen Victoria's private secretary.[66]
Davidson's constant concern was for what he called "the great central party in the English Church".
In August 1904 Davidson, accompanied by his wife, sailed to the United States to attend the triennial convention of the American Episcopal Church; he was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to visit the US.[6] He met many church leaders in the US and Canada, and established closer links between the Anglican churches of England and North America.[71] This accomplishment abroad was followed by a setback at home: Davidson's unsuccessful attempt to bring political leaders to agree about national education policy. The Liberals had opposed the passage of the 1902 Education Act, and once in office in 1906 they reopened the issue. Their attempts at further reform were opposed by the Conservatives, and from 1906 to 1908 Davidson strove to bring the two sides to compromise. His failure to secure agreement and achieve a cohesive primary education system was one of the major regrets of his life.[72] In 1907 Davidson disappointed some Liberals by not explicitly backing state old-age pensions, but he declined to do so merely in the abstract, insisting on detailed proposals before expressing support.[73] He was much more forthcoming on atrocities by the Belgians in the Congo and the Bulgarians in Macedonia, which he condemned vehemently.[74]
Lambeth Conference, 1908
In July and August 1908 Davidson presided over the fifth Lambeth Conference of bishops from the world-wide Anglican communion;[75] 241 bishops were present.[76] The chief subjects of discussion were: the relations of faith and modern thought; the supply and training of the clergy; education; foreign missions; revision and "enrichment" of the Prayer-book; the relation of the church to "ministries of healing" such as Christian Science; the questions of marriage and divorce; organisation of the Anglican Church; and reunion with other churches.[76] Public interest focused on the bishops' desire for Christian unity. The resolutions showed a will for reunion, but a caution in taking any step towards the nonconformists that might destroy the possibility of ultimate reunion with the Roman Catholic or Orthodox churches.[6]
Domestic affairs, 1909–1911
In 1909 David Lloyd George as Chancellor of the Exchequer found his radical budget blocked by the Conservative majority in the House of Lords; a few bishops voted for or against the government's bill, but Davidson, like most of the 26 Lords Spiritual, abstained.[n 14] Partisans, both conservative and radical, criticised Davidson for his abstention, but he felt that being identified with one side or the other in party politics would bring the church into disrepute.[78]
The Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, secured the King's reluctant agreement to create as many new peerages for government supporters as was necessary to secure a majority in the Lords. At the end of April 1911 Davidson convened a private meeting at Lambeth Palace to try to resolve the constitutional impasse; the other three attending were Balfour, Lord Knollys and Lord Esher – respectively, Leader of the Opposition, the King's private secretary, and an influential politician and courtier. Balfour said that if invited by the King, he would consider forming a minority Conservative government, so that the question of creating new Liberal peers would not arise; he subsequently decided that he would not be justified in doing so.[80] A week after this meeting Edward VII died, and was succeeded by George V.[80]
The Lords continued to resist the will of the Commons, even after a general election fought on the issue. Asquith proposed the 1911 Parliament Bill, to enshrine the supremacy of the Commons in British law, and King George followed his father in agreeing to create hundreds of Liberal peers, should it become necessary to ensure the bill was passed. Davidson, having unsuccessfully striven to bring the party leaders to compromise, voted for the bill. The votes of the Lords Spiritual were crucial in its passage through the Lords, where the majority was only 17.[81] The two archbishops and eleven bishops voted with the government; two bishops voted against.[81] There were strident protests that the bishops were harming the church by taking sides, but Davidson had come to regard this as a matter on which the church must take a stand. He believed that were the bill not passed, the creation of what he called "a swamping majority" of peers would make Parliament and Britain a worldwide laughing-stock, and would have grave constitutional implications for church and state.[82][n 16] His speech in the Lords was credited with tipping the balance.[83]
On 22 June 1911, Davidson presided at the
Kikuyu controversy 1913–1914
Skirmishing between Anglican factions continued with the
First World War, 1914–1918
The outbreak of the
When a group of theologians in Germany published a manifesto seeking to justify the actions of the German government, Davidson was ready to respond. At the government's request he took the lead in collaborating with a large number of other religious leaders, including some with whom he had differed in the past, to write a rebuttal of the Germans' contentions.[2] But unlike some of his colleagues in the church, Davidson, in Bell's words, "felt the horror of war too keenly to indulge in anti-German rhetoric".[35] As The Times put it, "He was never betrayed into the wild denunciations and hysterical approval of war to which some ecclesiastics gave utterance".[6] He donated to a fund to help Germans and Austro-Hungarians in Britain, where they were classed as enemy aliens.[94]
Throughout the war Davidson criticised the use of what he considered immoral methods of warfare by the British side.[n 20] Most of his objections were made privately to political leaders, but some were public, and he was bitterly attacked for them. Mews records "hate mail flood[ing] into Lambeth Palace".[2] Davidson protested against the false information put out to hide British military reverses,[n 21] the use of poison gas, the punitive bombing of Freiburg in April 1917 and the targeting of non-combatants.[2][35] In 1916 he crossed to France for an eight-day visit to combatant troops at the front.[6]
While the war was going on, civil strife in Ireland was another matter of concern to Davidson. He spoke against the death sentence passed on Sir Roger Casement for his part in the Easter Rising, and later condemned the violence of the Black and Tans.[97]
In the last year of the war Davidson had to deal with further agitation from the high-church faction. Gore took exception to the liberal theology of Hensley Henson and attempted to thwart the Prime Minister's nomination of Henson for a bishopric.[98][n 22] Opinion among the laity and most of the clergy was against Gore. Davidson, who hated unnecessary conflict, was distressed by the controversy, and even considered resigning.[100] But, despite Henson's fear that the Archbishop might weaken,[101] Davidson stood by him, and the two agreed that Henson would issue a statement of faith to silence the critics.[100] Davidson then stated publicly that no fair-minded man could read Henson's sermons without feeling that they had in him a brilliant and powerful teacher of the Christian faith.[102] Gore and his followers were obliged to call off their protests.[100][103]
Throughout the war, Davidson distanced himself from pacifism. For him, Christian idealism must be accompanied by political realism. He maintained that alongside prayer and witness, Christians had a "duty to think", and that peace would come "when we have given our mind – yes, mind as well as heart – to these new and brave resolves".[104] With this conviction in mind, he was a strong supporter of the League of Nations when it was set up after the war.[97]
Enabling Act, 1919 and Welsh disestablishment, 1922
Up to this point the Church of England had little power to make its own rules. As the established church it was subject to parliamentary control, and had no independent authority to initiate legislation.
It led to the full integration of lay representatives with the two houses of clergy and bishops into a new
Parochial Church Councils which constitute the bedrock of the Church of England's representative system today.[107]
Davidson failed to achieve his aims over
Lambeth Conference, 1920
At Davidson's instigation the sixth Lambeth Conference was held as soon as practicable after the end of the war. It met at Lambeth Palace in July and August 1920; 252 bishops attended. The bishops reaffirmed the
Other resolutions of the conference welcomed the League of Nations "as an expression of Christianity in politics", affirmed the eligibility of women for the
General Strike, 1926
In May 1926 a general strike was called by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an attempt to force the government to do something to prevent wage cuts and ameliorate worsening conditions for British coal miners. Some 2.5 million workers struck from 3 to 12 May, paralysing transport and industry.[112] Davidson sought to play a conciliatory role; the historian G. I. T. Machin calls his intervention "probably the most celebrated actions of his twenty-five years as Archbishop of Canterbury". Davidson first spoke about the strike on 5 May, addressing the Lords. He expressed disapproval of the strike but called on the Government to act to end the industrial bitterness. Two days later he convened an interdenominational group of church leaders and they drew up an appeal for a negotiated settlement.[113] They called for the resumption of talks in a spirit of cooperation, with three tenets: the TUC should call off the general strike, the government should agree to subsidise the coal industry for a short time, and the mine owners should withdraw the disputed wage terms.[114] Davidson wished to make the appeal known to the whole country by making a radio broadcast, but John Reith, the general manager of the BBC, refused to allow it, fearing reprisals from the government.[115]
The initiative was only partly successful – though the strike was called off, the miners' grievances were not remedied – but the joint action by Davidson and the other religious leaders was a further step in the direction of unity. One of the nonconformist clerics told Davidson, "For the first time in my life it has been possible to feel that the Christian forces in this country were united and courageous, and for that we have to thank your leadership. A new sense of unity has been given to us."[116]
Revision of the Book of Common Prayer
The historian Matthew Grimley describes the prayer-book controversy of 1927–28 as "the last great parliamentary battle over Church and state".
Few people, whether they desired a revised Prayer-book or not, failed to sympathize with the Archbishop in his personal disappointment, or to regret that the 25 years of his Primacy should not have ended with what must have seemed its crowning achievement.[6]
A second attempt the following year was voted down in the Commons on 14 June 1928. After that defeat Davidson told the
It is a fundamental principle that the Church – that is, the Bishops together with the Clergy and the Laity – must in the last resort, when its mind has been fully ascertained, retain its inalienable right, in loyalty to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, to formulate its Faith in Him and to arrange the expression of that Holy Faith in its forms of worship.[125]
This statement had the unanimous approval of the bishops.[125] Some of Davidson's colleagues felt that Parliament's rejection of the Prayer-book would have grave consequences. William Temple, his successor-but-one at Canterbury, wrote that "some sort of disestablishment is (I suppose) the necessary result";[126] Henson, previously a strong supporter of establishment, now began to campaign against it.[127] The historian Adrian Hastings writes that "by adroitness of manoeuvre and delay" Davidson led his fellow bishops away from such a drastic outcome.[126]
Retirement
In June 1928 Davidson announced his retirement, to take effect on 12 November.
Honours
Davidson's honours and appointments included: Prelate of the
Reputation
Davidson commented to a friend in 1928, "If I was describing myself I should say I was a funny old fellow of quite mediocre, second-rate gifts and a certain amount of common sense – but that I had tried to do my best; I have tried – and I have tried to stick to my duty; but that is really all there is about it."[142] Historians have rated him more highly, although in a 2017 study, Michael Hughes comments that Davidson has "largely slipped from public memory, and perhaps even from that of the Church",[143] his reputation eclipsed by successors such as William Temple or Michael Ramsey whose public profiles were considerably higher.[144] Hastings calls him "perhaps the most influential of churchmen", because he was "a man of remarkable balance of judgment, intellectual humility, sense of responsibility and capacity for work ... His great sense of public moral responsibility gave him an influence and a position which were remarkable".[145] The historian Keith Robbins observes that Davidson "did not attempt to resolve differences of outlook and doctrine at an intellectual level. The Church of England had always contained many mansions and it was his task to prevent the sinking of this particular bark of Christ by one faction or another. He was, on the whole, remarkably successful in a sober, uninspiring way".[146] In a 1966 study of the Church of England, Roger Lloyd writes:
As the years pass by one has less and less desire to quarrel with the judgement that Davidson was one of the two or three greatest of all the Archbishops of Canterbury. If towards the end of his years the firmness of his grasp faltered a little, as it seemed to do over the matter of the Revised Prayer Book, he had nevertheless raised his high office to a pinnacle of eminence and a height of authority which it had never before known.[147]
Bell's conclusion is that Davidson "immensely increased the influence of the Anglican communion in Christendom, and he saw the Church of England taking far more of a world view than it had taken previously". Bell adds:
His own personal hold on the affection of Church people grew steadily. ... In his general policy he pursued a middle course; and he was often criticized for not giving a clear enough lead, and for being too ready to wait on circumstances. His capacities were essentially those of a chairman, and a chairman of extraordinary fairness. He was a most able administrator, while at the same time a man of great simplicity of character, and this won him the friendship and trust of men of widely different points of view.[35]
Mews's summary is:
Davidson's achievement was to maintain the comprehensiveness of the Church of England and to ensure liberty of thought. He maintained a Christian vision in British society at a time when international and class conflict could have obliterated institutional religion. Davidson's great skill was as a chairman, where he usually managed to secure unanimity ... For nearly fifty years he exercised more influence in Anglican affairs than anyone else.[2]
Notes, references and sources
Notes
- Oxford MA degree was conferred on Davidson in 1875.[18]
- F. E. Smith (Lord Birkenhead) wrote in 1924, "The smiles of Archbishops are very pleasant to young curates. The secretary soon became familiar with every fold of that mantle which he now so decently becomes".[31]
- ^ The biographer Sidney Dark suggests that Davidson's influence may have been at least as important as Gladstone's in the choice of Benson.[34] Later biographers such as Bell and Mews make no such suggestion.[2][35]
- ghillie, John Brown, about which, he thought, the less said the better.[38]
- Holy Communion facing the altar rather than facing the congregation, having lighted candles on the altar, and making the sign of the cross at both absolution and blessing. The charges were mostly dismissed, although King was bidden to refrain, inter alia, from making the sign of the cross.[40]
- Leo XIII formally made the Vatican's position explicit, declaring Anglican orders null and void in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church.[50]
- ^ The 26 senior diocesan bishops sat, and (2023) still sit, as Lords Spiritual as opposed to Lords Temporal.[51] Davidson succeeded to a seat on the death of James Atlay, Bishop of Hereford.[52]
- ^ a b The three candidates considered were Temple, Davidson and Mandell Creighton. The last had been consecrated bishop alongside Davidson in 1891,[45] and distinguished himself as Bishop of Peterborough, and was favoured by the Archbishop of York (William Maclagan) and the Prince of Wales to succeed Benson; Queen Victoria would have preferred Davidson; and Salisbury's conclusive recommendation was for Temple. Creighton was then invited to succeed Temple at London.[53]
- ^ Temple incorrectly suspected Davidson of seeking the appointment to the see of Canterbury for himself.[54] Temple had earlier said of Davidson, "My only doubt is whether so much political sagacity is altogether compatible with perfect piety".[55]
- ^ Number XXII of the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion reads "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping and Adoration, as well of Images as of Relics, and also Invocation of Saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God".[56]
- ^ This possibility had been a matter of controversy for decades. Marriage with a deceased wife's sister had been added to the church's list of prohibited marriages in 1835. Gladstone had been among the prominent Liberals allied with the Marriage Law Reform Association seeking the overturning of the ban. In 1882 W. S. Gilbert made fun of the recurrent controversy in Iolanthe: "that annual blister, marriage with deceased wife's sister". The ban was overturned by Parliament in 1907.[69]
- ^ The question was how literally Christians should take the clauses of the creed that threatened damnation to those who do not keep the faith "whole and undefiled".[70]
- ^ The votes or abstentions of the Lords Spiritual had no practical effect on the outcome: the Lords rejected the government's bill by 350 votes to 75.[77]
- ^ The two bishops (rear centre-right) walking towards the opposition lobby are Watkin Williams, Bishop of Bangor, and Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, Bishop of Worcester.[79]
- ^ Among Davidson's concerns was the question of legislation affecting the church, particularly with regard to Welsh disestablishment, which Liberals generally supported.[82]
- ^ The existing text, dating from the 17th century, referred to some teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, particularly transubstantiation, as "superstitious and idolatrous". Davidson successfully proposed omitting this section of the oath.[84]
- ^ The others were Prince Arthur of Connaught, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Loreburn) and the Lord President of the Council (Lord Morley). They held office from November 1911 to the end of January 1912, when the King returned from India.[86]
- ^ Hensley Henson, Dean, and later Bishop, of Durham, privately described Weston and Gore as "fanatical in temper, bigoted in their beliefs, and reckless in their methods".[89]
- ^ He wrote, "the principles of morality forbid a policy of reprisal which has, as a deliberate object, the killing or wounding of non-combatants ... the adoption of such a mode of retaliation, even for barbarous outrages, would permanently lower the standard of honourable conduct between nation and nation".[95] He said in the House of Lords that Christianity required Britain to fight in a way that "in the coming years, whatever record leaps to light, we shall never be ashamed".[95]
- Navy Lists during the war. I don't know who studies them except the German Admiralty and the Archbishop of Canterbury".[96]
- ^ The Prime Minister was Lloyd George, who had succeeded Asquith in 1916.[99]
- ^ The original 1549 version edited by Cranmer had been lightly revised several times in the 16th and 17th centuries; the one in use in Davidson's time, largely based on the original Tudor text, dated from 1662.[118]
- ^ Several earlier Archbishops were deposed or deprived of their sees – Byrhthelm,[130] Robert of Jumièges,[131] Stigand,[132] Roger Walden,[133] Thomas Cranmer[134] and William Sancroft[135] – but Davidson was the first to retire voluntarily in old age.[129]
- Cosmo Lang) and the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester (respectively, Arthur Winnington-Ingram, Hensley Henson and Theodore Woods.[128]
References
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Mews, Stuart. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), archbishop of Canterbury", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011. Archived 10 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hughes, p. 10
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 5–6
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 10
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Death of Lord Davidson – Archbishop for 25 Years – A Wise Leader", The Times, 26 May 1930, pp. 15–16
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 14
- ^ Davidson, quoted in Bell (Volume I), p. 16
- ^ Quoted in Bell (Volume I), p. 19
- ^ Begbie, p. 206
- ^ Gilbert (1977), p. 1373
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 20–21
- ^ Hughes, p. 11
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 21
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 23
- ^ Barber, p. 415
- ^ "University Intelligence", The Times, 18 November 1871, p. 6
- ^ "University Intelligence", The Times, 12 June 1875, p. 14
- ^ Hughes, pp. 11–12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 29
- ^ a b Hughes, p. 12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 33
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 33–34
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 34
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 38
- ^ Davidson and Benham, p. 327
- ^ Davidson and Benham, pp. 334–335
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 42 and 44
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 44
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 44; and Hughes, pp. 12 and 14
- ^ Smith, p. 56
- ^ a b Hughes, p. 16
- ^ Quoted in Hughes, p. 15
- ^ Dark, p. 17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bell, George. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), Dictionary of National Biography, Macmillan, 1937 and Oxford University Press, 2004. Archived 9 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Hughes, pp. 15–16
- ^ Quoted in Roberts, p. 318
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 93–94; and Hughes, p. 17
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 95; and Hughes, p. 17
- ^ Newton, John A. "King, Edward (1829–1910), bishop of Lincoln", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2010. Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ "The Times Column of New Books and New Editions", The Times, 15 June 1891, p. 12
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 189–190
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 193
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 194
- ^ a b "Consecration of New Bishops", The Times, 27 April 1891, p. 6
- ^ "Enthronement of the Bishop of Rochester", The Morning Post, 23 October 1891, p. 3
- ^ Hughes, p. 21
- ^ Hughes, pp. 20–21
- ^ Hughes, p. 22
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 237
- ^ "Lords Spiritual and Temporal Parliament.co.uk. Archived 5 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 December 2019
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 241
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 284
- ^ a b Bell (Volume I), pp. 287–289
- ^ Lee and Clark, p. 236
- ^ "Articles agreed upon by the Archbishops and Bishops of both Provinces, and the whole Clergy", Society of Archbishop Justus. Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 December 2019
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 278
- ^ Barber, pp. 436–437
- ^ Hughes, p. 25
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 360–361
- ^ a b "New Archbishop of Canterbury", The Times, 9 January 1903, p. 8
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 349–350
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 377
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 370
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 393
- ^ Carpenter, p. 411
- ^ Hastings, p. 83
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 471
- ^ Bradley, pp. 406–408
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 434
- ^ "The Archbishop of Canterbury", The Times, 22 October 1904, p. 9
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 539
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 545
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 547–548
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 559
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 597
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 600
- ^ "The Passing of the Veto Bill without a Creation of New Peers: The Separation of the Contents and the Not-Contents", The Illustrated London News, 19 August 1911, pp. 292–93
- ^ a b Rose, p. 123
- ^ a b "House of Lords", The Times, 11 August 1911, p. 5
- ^ a b Davidson, Randall. Letter to The Times, 24 August 1911, p. 4; and Quinault, p. 41
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 629–631
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 613 and 617
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 637
- ^ Bell (Volume I), pp. 637–638
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 690
- ^ Bell (Volume I), p. 691
- ^ Henson, p. 159
- ^ Barber, p. 433
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 731
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 739
- ^ Hughes, p. 91
- ^ Van Emden, p. 53
- ^ a b Carpenter, p. 418
- ^ Gilbert (1972), p. 496
- ^ a b Marshall, p. 269
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 859–862
- ^ Morgan, Kenneth O. "George, David Lloyd, first Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1863–1945), prime minister", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2018. Archived 4 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 January 2020 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ a b c Grimley, Matthew. "Henson, Herbert Hensley (1863–1947), bishop of Durham" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011. Archived 12 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Peart-Binns, p. 91
- ^ "Bishopric of Hereford: The Primate's Attitude", The Manchester Guardian, 18 January 1918, p. 5
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 879
- ^ Chapman, p. 27
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 956–957
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 968
- ^ a b Morris, p. 246
- ^ Brown, p. 82
- ^ Brown, pp. 82–83
- ^ a b "The Lambeth Resolutions", The Times, 14 August 1920, p. 11
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 1007–1015
- ^ Butt, p. 391
- ^ Bell (Volume II). pp. 1306–1307
- ^ Machin, p. 38
- ^ Machin, p. 39
- ^ The Rev Herbert Gray, quoted in Machin, p. 39
- ^ Grimley, p. 143
- ^ Jacobs and Magee, pp. 83, 85 and 159–160
- ^ a b Bell (Volume II), p. 1345
- ^ Bell (Volume II), pp. 1345–1346
- ^ "House of Commons", The Times, 16 December 1927, p. 7
- ^ Private Papers of Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury 1903–28, vol. xvi, Diaries and Memoranda, 1927–1930, Memorandum of 15 January 1928, pp. 11–12, quoted in Martell, p. 218
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1346
- ^ Grimley, p. 140
- ^ a b Barber, p. 406
- ^ a b Hastings, Adrian. "Temple, William (1881–1944), archbishop of Canterbury". Retrieved 15 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Grimley, p. 153
- ^ a b "The Primate", The Times, 26 July 1928, p. 14
- ^ a b Collinson, p. 278
- ^ Rumble, p. 102
- ^ Rumble, p. 107
- ^ Cowdrey, H. E. J. "Stigand (d. 1072), archbishop of Canterbury", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2104. Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Davies, R. G. "Walden, Roger (d. 1406), administrator, archbishop of Canterbury, and bishop of London", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2104. Retrieved 14 December 2019 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Carpenter, p. 145
- ^ Carpenter, pp. 220–221
- ^ "The Primate", The Times, 13 November 1928, p. 16
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1365
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1380
- ^ Bell (Volume II), p. 1381
- ^ "Death of Lady Davidson of Lambeth", The Times, 27 June 1936, p. 14
- ^ "Davidson of Lambeth, 1st Baron, (Most Rev. Randall Thomas Davidson) (7 April 1848–25 May 1930)" Who's Who and Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2019 (subscription required)
- ^ Quoted in Bell (Volume II), p. 1364
- ^ Hughes, p. 171
- ^ Webster, Peter. "Archbishop Randall Davidson", Reviews in History, November 2017, DOI: 10.14296/RiH/2014/2201. Retrieved 14 December 2019
- ^ Hastings, pp. 60–61
- ^ Robbins, p. 120
- ^ Lloyd, p. 248
Sources
Books
- Barber, Melanie (1999). "Randall Davidson: A Partial Retrospective". In Stephen Taylor (ed.). From Cranmer to Davidson: A Church of England Miscellany. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 978-0-85115-742-9.
- OCLC 65931294.
- OCLC 896112401.
- Bell, George (1935). Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, Volume II. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 896112401.
- ISBN 978-0-19-816503-3.
- ISBN 978-1-138-14798-0.
- Bruce, Alex (2000). The Cathedral "Open and Free": Dean Bennett of Chester. Liverpool Historical Studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. OCLC 994453174.
- Butt, John (2015). "General Strike, 1926". In John Cannon (ed.). Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2.
- ISBN 978-0-264-67449-0.
- ISBN 978-1-138-38589-4.
- Collinson, Patrick (1979). Archbishop Grindal, 1519–1583: The Struggle for a Reformed Church. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03831-8.
- OCLC 931334619.
- Davidson, Randall; OCLC 12561176.
- OCLC 56393138.
- Gilbert, Martin (1977). Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume IV, Part 2: July 1919 – March 1921. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-13013-9.
- Grimley, Matthew (2010). Citizenship, Community and the Church of England. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927089-7.
- ISBN 978-0-00-627041-6.
- OCLC 504487878.
- Hughes, Michael (2017). Archbishop Randall Davidson. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1866-1.
- ISBN 978-0-691-19178-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7195-2850-7.
- Lloyd, Roger (1966). The Church of England, 1900–1965. London: SCM Press. OCLC 923343620.
- Machin, G. I. T. (1998). Churches and Social Issues in Twentieth-Century Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821780-0.
- Marshall, William M. (2015). "Davidson, Randall". In John Cannon (ed.). Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2.
- Martell, J. D. (1974). The Prayer Book Controversy 1927–28 (Masters). Durham: Durham University. OCLC 1015456607.
- Morris, J. N. (2016). The High Church Revival in the Church of England. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32680-4.
- Peart-Binns, John Stuart (2013). Herbert Hensley Henson – A Biography. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-9302-6.
- ISBN 978-1-85285-101-9.
- ISBN 978-0-297-81713-0.
- ISBN 978-1-84212-001-9.
- Rumble, Alexander (2012). Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-700-8.
- OCLC 61585163.
- ISBN 978-1-4088-3981-2.
Journals
- Quinault, Roland (February 1992). "Asquith's Liberalism". History. 77 (249): 33–49. JSTOR 24420531. (subscription required)
Further reading
- Hubbard, Kate (2012). Serving Victoria: Life in the Royal Household. London: ISBN 978-0-7011-8368-4.
- Philip, The Rev Adam (1903). The Ancestry of Randall Thomas Davidson, D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury. London: Stock. OCLC 664421178.
External links
- Portraits of Randall Davidson at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Davidson's papers and correspondence