Ranunculaceae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ranunculaceae
Temporal range: 124–0 
Ma
 Early Cretaceous–Recent[1]
Ranunculus auricomus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Ranunculus
Subfamilies

Ranunculaceae (/rənʌŋkjuːˈleɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera,[2] distributed worldwide.

The largest genera are Ranunculus (600 species), Delphinium (365), Thalictrum (330), Clematis (380), and Aconitum (300).

Description

Floral diagram. Adonis annua

Ranunculaceae are mostly

herbaceous annuals or perennials, but some are woody climbers (such as Clematis)[3] or shrubs (e.g. Xanthorhiza
).

Most members of the family have

Helleborus and Delphinium.[5]

In some genera, such as

cauline (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials, form rhizomes that develop new roots each year.[6] Ficaria verna can reproduce vegetatively by means of root tubers produced in the leaf axils.[3][4] Some members of the genus Thalictrum utilize anemophily while others utilize entomophily.[8] Flowers of the entomophilous genus Papaver, also of the Ranunculales order, produce only pollen.[9] Until recently, it was believed that the species of the genus Anemone also lack nectar.[10]

The fruits are most commonly free, unfused achenes (e.g. Ranunculus, Clematis) or follicles (e.g. Helleborus, Eranthis, Nigella), but a berry in Actaea.[3][4]

Fruit Morphology
Achene: Pulsatilla alpina
Achene: Ranunculus acris
Follicle: Nigella arvensis
Follicle: Helleborus niger

Phytochemistry

Ranunculaceae contain protoanemonin, which is toxic to humans and animals. Contact with plant sap may cause inflammation and blistering of the skin, while ingestion can cause irritation of the mouth, vomiting, and diarrhea.[11] Other poisonous or toxic compounds, alkaloids and glycosides, are also common.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass.

Eupteleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, and Papaveraceae in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae. This follows the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
.

The family Ranunculaceae

phylogeny is illustrated in the APG Poster.[16]

Subdivision

Early subdivisions of the family, such as

subfamilies, Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966, Tamura
further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies;

but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then

Paeoniaceae (order Saxifragales). Other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include Circaeaster, which was placed in its own family Circaeasteraceae
.

Tamura's complete system was structured as follows;

Subfamilies and tribes

The genus

Glaucidiaceae
), has since been restored to Ranuculaceae.

Molecular phylogenetics

When subjected to

Hydrastis canadense
 respectively.

The relationships between the genera suggest the existence of three major

clades corresponding to Coptidoideae, Thalictroideae (clade A) and Ranunculoideae (clade F). The latter is the largest with four subclades (B–E). Of these, C corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae.[15] Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the cladogram
(see below).

In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including Thalictrum and Aquilegia. The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. Kingdonia had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae.

In recent years, researchers have used nuclear genes (obtained through transcriptome sequencing technology) to further investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Ranunculaceae family, and their findings are consistent with those of Wang and colleagues (2009). However, this study indicates that the ancestors of the Ranunculaceae family experienced multiple whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, which may be related to the longstanding prosperity of this ancient group.[19]

Subfamilies of Ranunculaceae (5) and tribes of Ranunculoideae
  • Glaucidioideae
    (Tamura) Loconte (1)
  • Hydrastidoideae
    Engler (1)
  • Coptidoideae Tamura (2)
  • Thalictroideae Raf. (10)
  • Ranunculoideae Arn. (46)
    • Adonideae Kunth
    • Delphinieae Schröd.
    • Nigelleae Schröd.
    • Helleboreae DC.
    • Cimicifugeae Torr. and A.Gray
    • Caltheae Bercht. and J.Presl
    • Asteropyreae W.T.Wang and C. Y.Chang
    • Callianthemeae W.Wang and Z. D.Chen
    • Anemoneae DC.
    • Ranunculeae DC.
Cladogram of Ranunculaceae subfamilies[15]
Ranunculaceae

Glaucidoideae

Hydrastidoideae

Coptidoideae

Ranunculoideae

Thalictroideae

Genera

Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera.[2][20]

Subfamily Glaucidioideae
  • Glaucidium
     Siebold & Zuccarini
Subfamily Hydrastidoideae
Subfamily Coptidoideae
Subfamily Thalictroideae
Subfamily Ranunculoideae
Tribe Adonideae
Tribe Delphinieae
Tribe Nigelleae
Tribe Helleboreae
Tribe Cimicifugeae
Tribe Caltheae
Tribe Asteropyreae
Tribe Callianthemeae
Tribe Anemoneae
Tribe Ranunculeae

Previous genera

Fossil record

Contrary to earlier data, there are no confirmed pre-Tertiary ranunculacean fossils.[21] The Early Cretaceous Leefructus mirus from the Yixian Formation in China was described as belonging to the "compare Family stem lineage to the Ranunculaceae".[22] The oldest confirmed representative of the family is Paleoactaea nagelii Pigg & DeVore described on the basis of fruits coming from the Upper Paleocene of North Dakota.[1]

Uses

Some Ranunculaceae are used as

Helleborus (Christmas rose), Trollius (globeflower). The seeds of Nigella sativa are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine.[23]

Gallery

Tribes of subfamily Ranunculoideae

Other subfamilies

Notes

  1. nectaries[6][7]

References

  1. ^ a b Pigg & DeVore 2005.
  2. ^ a b Christenhusz & Byng 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Clapham, Tutin & Warburg 1981.
  4. ^ a b c Stace 2010.
  5. ^ a b Ronse de Craene 2010.
  6. ^ a b FNA
  7. ^ Tamura 1993, p. 564.
  8. doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00103.x
    . Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  9. ^ Ross, Gary (22 December 2016). "Treat Your Bees to a Banquet of Poppies". Bee Culture. A.I. Root Company. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  10. S2CID 16275166
    . Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  11. ^ "Anemone (Windflower) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  12. ^ Flowering Plant Gateway
  13. ^ "Plants in their proper places – the new classification of flowering plants" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011.
  14. ^ APG 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d Wang et al 2009.
  16. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny poster
  17. ^ Tamura 1993.
  18. ^ Stevens 2017.
  19. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107545
    .
  20. ^ The Plant List 2013, Ranunculaceae
  21. ISBN 978-0-521-59283-3
    .
  22. ^ Sun, Ge; Dilcher, David L.; Wang, Hongshang; Chen, Zhiduan. "A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China". Nature. 471 (7340): 625–628.
  23. ^ Turner 1984.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranunculaceae.
Wikispecies has information related to Ranunculaceae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranunculaceae&oldid=1216529765"