Ranunculales

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Ranunculales
Temporal range: 124–0 
Ma
 Early Cretaceous–Recent
Ranunculus repens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl[1]
Families

See text

Ranunculales is an

sister to the remaining eudicots. Widely known members include poppies, barberries, hellebores, and buttercups
.

Taxonomy

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their APG III system, published in 2009. In the preceding APG II system, they offered the option of three segregate families as shown below.[1]

Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).

Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include

buttercups, clematis, columbines, delphiniums, and poppies
.

A

DNA sequences. The authors of this paper revised the subfamilies and tribes of the order.[2] This is reflected in the subsequent revision of the APG, APG IV (2016).[3]

The analysis revealed that the order consisted of three

clades
, Eupteleaceae, Papaveraceae and a third clade, considered to be the "core" Ranuculales, consisting of the remaining five families. The phylogeny of the families is shown in the cladogram.

Cladogram of Ranunculales families[2]
Ranunculales

Evolution

The fossil form

angiosperm clade may be older than expected. The structure of the plant and its age may lead to a new approach regarding the field that studies the evolution of flowering plants
. The fact that Leefructus shows a well-developed structure similar to modern ranunculids suggests that this group of eudicots may have developed earlier than the age of the fossil.

Another fossil has been described with the name Teixeiraea, also from the Cretaceous of Portugal.[5] The genus Atli from the Late Cretaceous of Canada appears to have had a liana-like growth habit.[6]

History

Historically the term

Bentham and Hooker. This became replaced with Ranunculales by Melchior
in 1964.

The

Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida
[= dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:

In the Cronquist system, the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order Papaverales, placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae. The Cronquist

polyphyletic. Sabiaceae is in a clade of basal eudicots separate from Ranunculales. Coriariaceae is now placed in the order Cucurbitales
.

References

  1. ^ a b APG 2009.
  2. ^ a b Wang et al 2009.
  3. ^ APG 2016.
  4. ^ Fossil is best look yet at an ancestor of buttercups
  5. ^ M. von Balthazar; K. Raunsgaard Pedersen; E. M. Friis (2005). "Teixeiraea lusitanica, a new fossil flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal with affinities to Ranunculales". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 255 (1/2): 55–75.
  6. ISSN 1058-5893
    .

Bibliography

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranunculales.
Wikispecies has information related to Ranunculales.
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