Rasulid dynasty
Rasulid dynasty بنو رسول | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1229–1454 | |||||||||
Capital | Zabid | ||||||||
Common languages | Arabic | ||||||||
Government | Sultanate | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 1229 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1454 | ||||||||
Currency | Dinar | ||||||||
|
The Rasulids (
from 1229 to 1454.Origin
The Rasulids took their name from
Some historians and genealogists that served the Rasulid dynasty claimed an
The historian
Dynasty
Originally a general of the Oghuz
The throne was taken over by his son al-Malik al-Muzaffar Yusuf I (1249-1295), under whom the Yemeni kingdom reached its apogee. The new sultan confirmed Rasulid rule over the
The greatest king of Yemen, the
Muawiyahof the time, has died. His pens used to break our lances and swords to pieces.
State and economy
The Rasulid era is often considered one of the most brilliant in the history of Yemen. While the history of this region has usually been characterized by deep political and religious divisions, the extent of territory that the Rasulids ruled would not be superseded until (briefly) in the seventeenth century. The southern coast of
The Rasulid state nurtured Yemen's commercial links with India and the
While the
Aden was important as a port where ships going between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean stopped. Textiles, perfume and spices came from India, Southeast Asia and China, while slaves, ivory and pepper were brought from Africa.[17] Among the more important Yemeni items for export were horses and agricultural crops. Jewish merchants could be found in the main ports as well as Indians, Africans and Egyptians. In his travel account, Marco Polo mentions the sultan of Aden (Yemen) in the late thirteenth century: "In his kingdom there are many towns and castles, and it has the advantage of an excellent port, frequented by ships from India arriving with spices and drugs... The sultan of Aden possesses immense treasures, arising from the imposts he lays, as well upon the merchandise that comes from India, as upon that which is shipped in his port as the returning cargo".[18]
King Ahmad bin al-Ashraf of the Rusuild dynasty hosted the Walashama princes and sons of Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II of Ifat after he was killed by the Ethiopian Empire.
Between 30 December 1418 and 27 January 1419, Ming China's treasure fleet visited Yemen under the reign of Al Malik al Nasir. The Chinese envoy, presumably Admiral Zheng He, was accompanied by the Yemeni envoy Kadi Wazif al-Abdur Rahman bin-Zumeir who escorted him to the Yemeni court. The Chinese brought gifts equivalent to 20,000 miskals, consisting of expensive perfumes, scented wood, and Chinese potteries. The Yemeni ruler sent luxury goods made from coral at the port of Ifranza, wild cattle and donkeys, domesticated lion cubs, and wild and trained leopards in exchange. The Yemeni envoy accompanied the Chinese to the port of Aden with the gifts, which maintained trade under the facade of gift exchange.[19]
Cultural achievements
Several Rasulid sultans were culturally prominent, being men of letters who wrote literature and even treatises. Thus al-Afdal Abbas (r. 1363–1377) wrote an extensive compendium with passages about matters of practical utility, intellectual interest and entertainment, Fusul majmua fi'l-anwa' wa 'l-zuru' wa 'l-hisad. His son al-Ashraf Isma'il (r. 1377–1401) authored a general history of Yemen. Most of the rulers built mosques and madrasas, embellishing Ta'izz and other cities with fine buildings. Among the most well-known monuments are Jami al-Muzaffar from the thirteenth century and Ashrafiyya from the fourteenth century, both in Ta'izz. These monuments were inspired by models from places like Egypt and Syria and broke with the older Yemeni style of architecture. Coins were struck by all the sultans in the period c. 1236–1438. There were mints in several cities and the coins were characterized by symbols for each mint: fish for Aden, bird for Zabid, sitting man for Ta'izz, and lion for al-Mahjam.[20]
Decline and fall
At length, however, they were unable to uphold the flourishing state constructed in the thirteenth century. A series of Zaidi imams managed to regain ground in the Yemeni highlands from the end of the thirteenth century, more importantly Zaidi imams managed to convert the Kurds of
List of sultans
List
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Family of Rasulid dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Legacy
In the 1940s, descendants of the Rasulid dynasty established an
See also
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- Imams of Yemen
- History of Yemen
- Islamic history of Yemen
- Ghassanids
Notes
- ^ Subh al-asha fi sinaat al-insha'
- ^ Masȧlik el Absar fi Mamālik el Amsār
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Smith 1995, p. 455.
- ^ Margariti 2012, p. 24.
- ^ a b Golden 2009, p. ?.
- ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 108.
- ISBN 978-0520300927.
(...) under the Turkic-origin Rasulid dynasty (...)
- ^ Bosworth et al. 1989, p. 332.
- ^ "Ayyubid dynasty | Rulers, History, Founder, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ Varisco 1993, p. 16.
- ^ ISBN 8175330082.
- ^ "Ahmad ibn Husayn al-Mosuli Tray of Yemeni Sultan al-Mu'ayyad ibn Yusuf". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ Smith 1995, p. 456.
- ISBN 978-1-136-57917-2.
- ^ ISBN 1-4384-0942-7.
- ^ Stookey 1978, p. 113.
- ^ Smith 1995, p. 457.
- ^ Varisco 1993, p. 13.
- ^ Ray 1987, p. 159.
- ^ Smith 1995, pp. 456–457.
- ^ Mahoney 2016, p. 150.
- ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1978, p. 224-225.
- ^ Stookey 1978, p. 123-124.
- ^ "Royal House of Tahir Buruj". 17 April 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
References
- Ali, Abdul (1996). Islamic Dynasties of The Arab East; State and Civilization during the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt Ltd.
- Biran, Michal (2012). Chinggis Khan: Selected Readings. Oneworld Book.
- Bosworth, C.E.; Savory, Roger; Issawi, Charles; Udovitch, A.L., eds. (1989). The Islamic World: From Classical to Modern Times (Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis). Darwin Press.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
- Golden, Peter B. (2009). "RASULID HEXAGLOT". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1978). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1A. Cambridge University Press.
- Mahoney, Daniel (2016). "The Political Agency of Kurds as an Ethnic Group in Late Medieval South Arabia".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Margariti, Roxani Eleni (2012). Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian. The University of North Carolina Press.
- Ray, Haraprasad (1987). "The Eighth Voyage of the Dragon that Never was: An Enquiry into the Causes of Cessation of Voyages during Early Ming Dynasty". China Report. 23 (2): 157–178. S2CID 155029177.
- Shahîd, Irfan (2006). Byzantium and the Arabs Late Antiquity. Vol. 3. Byzantion.
- Smith, G. R. (1995). "Rasūlids". In ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
- Stookey, Robert W. (1978). Yemen: The politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press.
- Tezcan, Baki; Barbir, Karl K., eds. (2007). Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman World: A Volume of Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz. Center for Turkish Studies at the University of Wisconsin.
- Varisco, Daniel Martin (1993). "Texts and Pretexts : the Unity of the Rasulid State under al-Malik al-Muzaffar". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée Année. 67.
Further reading
- Kenney, Ellen. "Treasuring Yemen: Notes on Exchange and Collection in Rasūlid Material Culture" Der Islam, vol. 98, no. 1, 2021, pp. 27–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2021-0003
- Mahoney, Daniel (2021). "Evolving Rasūlid Narratives of Opposition to Sultan al-Manṣūr Nūr al-Dīn ʿUmar (d. 647/1250) in Yemen". Der Islam. 98 (1): 153–174. S2CID 232411940.
- Mahoney, Daniel and Varisco, Daniel. "Introduction: Rasūlid Entanglement in the Medieval Islamic World and Beyond" Der Islam, vol. 98, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2021-0001
- Margariti, Roxani Eleni. "The Rasūlids and the Bountiful Sea: Marine Resources, State Control, and Maritime Culture in the Southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (626/1229‒854/1454)" Der Islam, vol. 98, no. 1, 2021, pp. 69–99. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2021-0004
- Moorthy Kloss, Magdalena. "Eunuchs at the Service of Yemen’s Rasūlid Dynasty (626‒858/1229‒1454)" Der Islam, vol. 98, no. 1, 2021, pp. 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2021-0002
- Varisco, Daniel Martin. "Reading Rasūlid Maps: An Early 14th-Century Geographical Resource" Der Islam, vol. 98, no. 1, 2021, pp. 100–152. https://doi.org/10.1515/islam-2021-0005