Ratanakiri province
Ratanakiri
រតនគិរី | |
---|---|
Ratanakiri Province ខេត្តរតនគិរី | |
Coordinates: 13°44′N 107°0′E / 13.733°N 107.000°E | |
Country | Cambodia |
Established | 1959[1] |
Capital | Banlung |
Subdivisions | 1 municipality; 8 districts |
Government | |
• Governor | Nhem Samoeurn (CPP) |
• National Assembly | 1 / 125
|
Area | |
• Total | 10,782 km2 (4,163 sq mi) |
• Rank | 9th |
Population (2019)[2] | |
• Total | 217,453 |
• Rank | 20th |
• Density | 19/km2 (50/sq mi) |
• Rank | 21st |
Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
Website | www |
Ratanakiri (
For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland
Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 184,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence shifting agriculture. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor; men's life expectancy is 39 years, and women's is 43 years. Education levels are also low, with just under half of the population illiterate.
History
Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the Stone or Bronze Age, and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the Gulf of Thailand dates to at least the 4th century A.D.[3] The region was invaded by Annamites, the Cham, the Khmer, and the Thai during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control.[1] From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders.[4] The region was conquered by local Laotian rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century.[5] The area was incorporated into French Indochina in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading.[6] The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day Banlung); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting.[1] While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (Thailand) to Laos and then to Cambodia.[7] Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.[6]
Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of
In the 1960s, the ascendant
After the
Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life.
Geography and climate
The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland
Like other areas of Cambodia, Ratanakiri has a monsoonal climate with a rainy season from June to October, a cool season from November to January, and a hot season from March to May.[37] Ratanakiri tends to be cooler than elsewhere in Cambodia.[37] The average daily high temperature in the province is 34.0 °C (93.2 °F), and the average daily low temperature is 22.1 °C (71.8 °F).[38] Annual precipitation is approximately 2,200 millimetres (87 in).[38] Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the recently built Yali Falls Dam.[39]
Ratanakiri has some of the most
Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas,
Government and administrative divisions
Government in Ratanakiri is weak, largely due to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance.[48] The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia.[49] Furthermore, government services are ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province.[50] The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from NGOs in the region.[51]
Thon Saron is the provincial governor.
Village government in Ratanakiri has both traditional and administrative components. Traditional forms of government, namely village
The province is divided into eight districts and one municipality, further divided into 50 communes, as follows:[61]
ISO Code | District | Communes | Population (2019)[62] |
---|---|---|---|
1601 | Andoung Meas
|
Malik, Nhang, Ta Lav | 17,617 |
1602 | Banlung Municipality | Kachanh, Labansiek, Yeak Laom, Boeng Kansaeng | 30,399 |
1603 | Bar Kaev
|
28,279 | |
1604 | Koun Mom
|
Serei Mongkol, Srae Angkrorng, Ta Ang, Teun, Trapeang Chres, Trapeang Kraham | 30,810 |
1605 | Lumphat
|
Chey Otdam, Ka Laeng, Lbang Muoy, Lbang Pir, Ba Tang, Seda | 27,839 |
1606 | Ou Chum
|
25,301 | |
1607 | Ou Ya Dav
|
23,932 | |
1608 | Ta Veaeng
|
Ta Veaeng Kraom |
7,503 |
1609 | Veun Sai
|
Ban Pong, Hat Pak, Ka Choun, Kaoh Pang, Kaoh Peak, Kok Lak, Pa Kalan, Phnum Kok, Veun Sai | 27,210 |
Economy and transportation
The vast majority of workers in Ratanakiri are employed in agriculture.
Larger-scale agriculture occurs on
Ratanakiri's tourist industry has rapidly expanded in recent years: visits to the province increased from 6,000 in 2002 to 105,000 in 2008 and 118,000 in 2011.[72] The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism.[73] Increasing tourism in Ratanakiri has been problematic because local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life.[74] A few initiatives have sought to address these issues: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs provide English and tourism skills to indigenous people.[75]
Ox-cart and motorcycle are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri.[76] The provincial road system is better than in some parts of the country, but remains in somewhat bad condition.[77] National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border was built between 2007 and 2010; the road was expected to increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam.[78] There is a small airport in Banlung,[79] but commercial flights to Ratanakiri have long been discontinued.[80]
Demographics and towns
As of 2013, Ratanakiri Province had a population of approximately 184,000.
In 2013, 37% of Ratanakiri residents were under age 15, 52% were age 15 to 49, 7% were age 50 to 64, and 3% were aged 65 or older; 49.7% of residents were male, and 50.3% were female.[85] Each household had an average of 4.9 members, and most households (85.6%) were headed by men.[86]
While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years.
Health, education, and development
Health indicators in Ratanakiri are the worst in Cambodia.
As of 1998, Ratanakiri had 76 primary schools, one junior high school, and one high school.
Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in Cambodia.
Culture
Khmer Loeu typically practice
Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering.
Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from bamboo, rattan, wood, saek, and kanma leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years.[34] Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group.[60] Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house.[60] In Jarai villages, vast longhouses are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments.[60] Tampuan villages may follow either pattern.[60]
Nearly all Khmer Loeu are
Because of the province's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri was isolated from Western influences until the late 20th century.[36] Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers.[128] Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music.[128] Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old.[128] Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits.[128]
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d ADB 2002, pp. 6–7.
- ^ NISC 2019
- ^ Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5; Stark 2004, p. 96.
- ^ ADB 2002, pp. 6–7; Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Office of the Geographer 1964, p. 4.
- ^ a b Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5
- ^ Office of the Geographer 1964, p. 4; Stuart-Fox 1997, p. 27.
- ^ Fox 2002, p. 115; Headley 1997, pp. 181, 1003; Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri").
- ^ Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5; Samath 2001, p. 353; Vajpeyi 2001, pp. 126–27.
- ^ Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5; Samath 2001, p. 353; Vajpeyi 2001, p. 126.
- ^ a b c Samath 2001, p. 353.
- ^ a b Chandler 1991, p. 174; Dommen 2001, p. 618; Martin 1994, p. 114.
- ^ Clymer 2004, p. 10.
- ^ Becker 1998, pp. 107–108; Chandler 1999, p. 176; Locard 1996; Chandler 1991, p. 114.
- ^ Chandler 1999, p. 75; Chandler 1991, p. 158, 175.
- ^ Short 2006, p. 171.
- ^ Kissinger 2003, p. 128; Short 2006, p. 171.
- ^ Clymer 2004, p. 11; Samath 2001, p. 353; Vajpeyi 2001, p. 127.
- ^ Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5; Samath 2001, p. 353
- ^ Becker 1998, pp. 108, 251; Ministry of Environment 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Samath 2001, p. 353; Thomas 2005, p. 239.
- ^ Thomas 2005, p. 239.
- ^ Becker 1998, p. 251; Vajpeyi 2001, p. 127.
- ^ Etcheson 2005, p. 116.
- ^ Samath 2001, pp. 353–54.
- ^ a b Suzuki 2005, p. 11; Waldick 2001.
- ^ a b ADB 2008; Vinding 2004, p. 256.
- ^ Stidsen 2007, p. 324; Tyler 2006, p. 33; Vinding 2004, p. 256.
- ^ a b Vinding 2004, p. 256.
- ^ Hall 2011, p. 76; Stidsen 2007, p. 324; Tyler 2006, p. 33; Vinding 2004, p. 256.
- ^ John & Phalla 2006, p. 53.
- ^ HRW 2002; Christie 2012, pp. 162-63.
- ^ Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri").
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bann 1997.
- ^ a b c Bann 1997; Fox 2002, p. 115.
- ^ a b Fox 2002, p. 115.
- ^ a b Tourism of Cambodia ("Climate").
- ^ a b Sothy & Sokunth 2007, p. 3.
- ^ Japan Environmental Council 2005, pp. 139–142; Xinhua 2007; AMRC 2003.
- ^ Brown 2006, p. iv.
- ^ Desai & Vuthy 1996.
- ^ Conservation International 2007, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Fox 2002, p. 124; Poffenberger 1999, ch. 4–5.
- ^ a b Kurczy 2009.
- ^ Samath 2001, pp. 350–51.
- ^ a b Samath 2001, p. 350.
- ^ Poffenberger 1999, ch. 4–5; Samath 2001, p. 351.
- ^ Samath 2001, p. 349, 356; Suzuki 2005, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Samath 2001, p. 349, 356.
- ^ a b Samath 2001, p. 351.
- ^ Samath 2001, p. 351; Suzuki 2005, p. 13.
- ^ Chork & Sithyna 2015.
- ^ National Election Committee 2017.
- ^ Hughes 2003, p. 80.
- ^ John & Phalla 2006, p. 34.; Committee for Free and Fair Elections 2012, p. 79.
- ^ Pheap 2015.
- ^ a b c d Brown 2006, p. 11.
- ^ Brown 2006, pp. 9–11.
- ^ Brown 2006, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e Brown 2006, p. 12.
- ^ CNPRDB 2003; National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1"), p. 85.
- ^ "General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ NISC 2014c, p. 93.
- ^ Levett 2007; Suzuki 2005, p. 10; ADB 2008.
- ^ Suzuki 2005, p. 10.
- ^ NGO Forum 2005, Part I; Ratanakiri Department of Planning, p. 170.
- ^ Zeug et al. 2018.
- ^ "The Zircon Mines And Blue Zircon". Explore Ratanakiri (in German). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ AFP 2004; Saroeun & Kyne 2001; Calvet 2009b; Dobbs 1994.
- ^ Dauvergne 2001, pp. 119, 133; Kurczy 2009; Ratha, Yun & Finney 2016.
- ^ a b Dennis 1999.
- ^ Kurczy 2009; Council for the Development of Cambodia 2013, p. 119.
- ^ Summers 2002, p. 251.
- ^ Baird 2013, p. 14; UNESCAP 2006, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Vinding 2003, p. 268.
- ^ Thomas 2004.
- ^ Spooner 2008, p. 19.
- ^ Communist Party of Vietnam 2010; Sen 2007; UNESCAP ("Project Profile..."), pp. 1–4; Communist Party of Vietnam 2010.
- ^ Palmer 2002, p. 241.
- ^ Ray & Robinson 2008, p. 334; Ray & Bloom 2014.
- ^ a b NISC 2014c, p. 11.
- ^ NISC 2014c, pp. 11, 14–15; NISC 2013a, p. 17; Van den Berg & Palith 2000, p. 6.
- ^ Ray & Robinson 2008, p. 292.
- ^ Ray & Robinson 2008, pp. 296, 298.
- ^ NISC 2013b, p. 30.
- ^ NISC 2014c, pp. 15, 44.
- ^ NISC 2014a, pp. 16, 97. Language is used as a proxy for ethnicity.
- ^ ADB 2002, p. 6.
- ^ NISC 2014a, p. 16; Van den Berg & Palith 2000, p. 6; Sisovanna 2012, pp. 63, 65.
- ^ Constitution of Cambodia, Article 5; Tyler 2006, p. 34.
- ^ a b Clayton 2006, p. 104.
- ^ a b Riddell 2006, p. 258.
- ^ Sisovanna 2012, pp. 63, 65.
- ^ Hubbel 2007, p. 34; WFP; Riddell 2006, p. 258; Directorate General for Health.
- ^ Hamade 2003, p. 3.
- ^ Hubbel 2007, pp. 34, 36; Riddell 2006, p. 258.
- ^ Health Unlimited 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Brown 2000, pp. 59–60; Health Unlimited 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Ratanakiri Department of Planning, p. 6
- ^ Chat 2003, p. 7.
- ^ Hubbel 2007, p. 36.
- ^ NISC 2014b, p. 36.
- ^ Clayton 2006, p. 104; Kosonen 2007, p. 125.
- ^ NISC 2014b, pp. 18, 23.
- ^ NISC 2014b, p. 42.
- ^ a b NISC 2014b, p. 38.
- ^ CNPRDB 2003; NISC 2014b, p. 38.
- ^ NISC 2014b, p. 29.
- ^ NISC 2014b, p. 33.
- ^ Riska.
- ^ Bourdier 2006, p. 8; Samath 2001, p. 354.
- ^ Samath 2001, p. 354; ADB 2008.
- ^ Jones 2002, p. 44.
- ^ a b Samath 2001, p. 354.
- ^ Health Unlimited 2002; Hamade 2003.
- ^ Health Unlimited 2002.
- ^ a b c d Hamade 2003, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Hamade 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Hamade 2003, p. 16.
- ^ Tyler 2006, p. 34; Samath 2001, p. 354.
- ^ Brown 2006, p. 9; Poffenberger 1999, ch. 4–5.
- ^ Brown 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Hamade 2003, p. 5.
- ^ Baird 2009; Calvet 2009a; AIPP 2006.
- ^ AIPP 2006.
- ^ John & Phalla 2006, p. 34; Short 2006, p. 171.
- ^ Calvet 2009a.
- ^ a b c d Van den Berg & Palith 2000, p. 19.
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- តារាងគណបក្សនយោបាយទទួលបានអាសនៈ នៃលទ្ធផលផ្លូវការសម្រាប់ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសក្រុមប្រឹក្សាឃុំ សង្កាត់ អាណត្តិទី៤ ឆ្នាំ២០១៧ (in Khmer). National Election Committee of Cambodia. 2017.
External links
- Media related to Ratanakiri Province at Wikimedia Commons