Rawadid dynasty
Rawadid dynasty | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
955–1070/1116 | |||||||||||
Capital | Tabriz | ||||||||||
Other languages | New Persian (court, literature)[1][2] Adhari (local)[3] Kurdish (ruling dynasty) | ||||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
Government | Emirate | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Established | 955 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1070/1116 | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 250.000 km2 (96.526 sq mi) | ||||||||||
|
Rawwadid, Ravvadid (also Revend or Revendi), or Banū Rawwād (
Originally of Azdi Arab descent,[5] the Rawadids ruled Tabriz and northeastern Adharbayjan in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.[1] The family became Kurdicized by the early 10th century and became centered on Tabriz and Maragha.[6] In the second half of the 10th century and much of the 11th century, these Kurdified descendants controlled much of Adharbayjan as well as parts of Armenia.[1]
History
The origin of the Rawadid dynasty was connected with the name of the tribal leader Rawad.[7] Rawadids were originally from Azdi Arab ancestry, and arrived in the region in the mid 8th century, but they had become Kurdicized by the early 10th century and began to use Kurdish forms like Mamlan for Muhammad and Ahmadil for Ahmad as their names.[1][8][9][10] The Rawadid family moved into Kurdistan in the mid 8th century, and it took over a leadership of the Rawadiya a branch of Hadhabani Kurdish tribe by the tenth century.[11] In the second half of the 10th century and much of the 11th century, these Kurdicized descendants controlled much of Adharbayjan as well as parts of Armenia.[1]
The earliest form of the name is written "Rewend" in the
According to Ibn Athir, Wahsudan formed a marriage alliance with the first group of Oghuz Turks reached Adharbayjan to act against his enemies. This alliance stimulated animosity of the Shaddadid ruler Abu’l-Ḥasan Laškari. Another group of Turks arrived in Adharbayjan in 1037–1038. After they looted Maragha, Wahsudan and his nephew Abu’l-Hayjā put aside their problems and joined forces against the Ghuzz Turks. Turks were dispelled to Rayy, Isfahan, and Hamadan. A group of Turks remained in Urmiya. Wahsudan invited their leaders to a dinner and slaughtered them in 1040–1041.[1]
Qatran mentioned about several battles between Wahsudan and a group of a Ghuzz reached Adharbayjan in 1041–1042. An intense battle in the desert of Sarāb resulted in the Rawwadids’ defeat on the Turks.[1]
After banishing the Oghuz, Wahsudan improved relations with Shaddadids and travelled in person to Ganja, center of Shaddadids.[1]
Wahsudan also sent an expedition to Ardabil under the command of his son Mamlan II. The ruler (sipahbod) of Moghan had to submit to the conqueror. Mamlan also built a fortress in Ardabil.[15]
A devastating earthquake in 1042-1043 destroyed much of Tabriz, its walls, houses, markets, and much of the Ravvadis' palace. Although Ibn al-'Asir said that 50,000 people died in Tabriz, Nasir Khosrow, who passed through Tabriz four years later gave the number of dead 40,000 and stated that the city was prospering at the times of his visit. Wahsudan himself was saved because he was in a garden outside the city.[16]
The
Rawadid Rulers
- Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Rawadi (? – c. 953?)
- Abu'l-Hayja Husayn I (955–988)
- Abu'l-Hayja Mamlan I (988–1000)
- Abu Nasr Husayn II (1000–1025)
- Abu Mansur Wahsudan (1025–1058/9)
- Abu Nasr Mamlan II (1058/9–1070)
- Ahmadil ibn Ibrahim ibn Wahsudan (in Maragha)(c.1100-1116)
Burial Place
Imamzadeh Chaharmanar in Tabriz, is the burial place of Rawadid Rulers:
See also
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Peacock 2017.
- ^ Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Frye 2004, pp. 321–326.
- ^ Christoph Baumer, History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires, (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021), 265
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam: MAH-MID
- ^ V. Minorsky, A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zahid, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1954, p. 524
- ^ Bosworth 1995, pp. 469–470.
- ^ Bosworth 1995, p. 150.
- ISBN 9780521069366(p.32)
- ^ Bosworth 1995, p. 469.
- ISBN 9781576079935, p. 43.
- S2CID 159901706.
- ISBN 9789004081123.
- ^ Minorsky, V. (1953). "Studies in Caucasian History". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Taylor's Foreign Press.
- ^ V. Minorsky, A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zahid, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1954, p. 524
- ISBN 9780521069359.
- ^ P. Blaum, Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, 1047-57 A.D., International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan. 2005, p. 15
- OCLC 258059134. (see under Turkish Conquest)
- ^ The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine by Uri M. Kupferschmid
- ^ P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (editors), Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second Edition), "Marāg̲h̲a", Brill Online.
- ^ Minorsky, La Domination des Dailamites, presented in a Conference of the Societé des Etudes Iraniennes, Paris, 28 May 1931. Also see Minorsky, Daylam in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1962, pp. 189–94
Sources
- ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
- de Blois, Francois (2004). Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V). Routledge. ISBN 978-0947593476.
- Dehghan, I. (1978). "Ḳaṭrān". In OCLC 758278456.
- Frye, R. N. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey". In ISBN 978-0-933273-89-4.
- Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-9401034814.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. ISBN 9781317376392.
External links
- Rawwadids, Encyclopaedia of Islam.
- A Chronology of World Political History(801 - 1000 C.E.)(see Rawwadid)
- List of Rawadid Rulers