Ray Mabus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ray Mabus
Pete Johnson
Personal details
Born
Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr.

(1948-10-11) October 11, 1948 (age 75)
Ackerman, Mississippi, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Julie Hines
​
​
(m. 1987; div. 2000)​
Lynne Horecky
​
(m. 2007)​
Children3
EducationUniversity of Mississippi (BA)
Johns Hopkins University (MA)
Harvard University (JD)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1970–1972
Rank Lieutenant (junior grade)
Ray Mabus's voice
Ray Mabus testifies before the
Senate Armed Services Committee
on the FY2013 Navy and Marine Corps budget
Recorded March 15, 2012

Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr. (

United States ambassador to Saudi Arabia
from 1994 to 1996.

Early life and education

Mabus was born on October 11, 1948, in Ackerman, Choctaw County, Mississippi, United States. He was the only child of Raymond Mabus Sr. (1901–1986),[1] a successful timber farmer,[2] and Lucille (née Curtis) Mabus (1909–2000), a teacher.[3] His paternal uncle, merchant Leslie E. Mabus (1896–1992),[4] was a member of the Mississippi State Senate from 1932 to 1936.[5]

Mabus graduated from Ackermann High School in 1966 as class valedictorian.

law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and as a legal counsel to a subcommittee of the United States House Committee on Agriculture.[6]

Early political career

Mabus volunteered for William F. Winter's unsuccessful gubernatorial candidacy in 1967.[9] Following Winter's successful election to the governorship in 1979, he returned to Mississippi to work as the governor's legal counsel in 1980.[2][10] While in office, Winter and his staff pushed through a legislative overhaul of the state's public education system.[11] Mabus was one of several of the governor's aides who delivered lectures across the state to build popular support for the reform bill.[12] State Senator Ellis B. Bodron, who was broadly opposed to the legislation, denounced Mabus and the other young Winter aides—including Dick Molpus, David Crews, Bill Gartin, Andy P. Mullins, and John Henegan—as the "Boys of Spring", a moniker which they thereafter took pride in.[13] Mabus also helped draft an open records law and more stringent driving under the influence legislation.[14] He left the counsel position in 1983.[2]

Mississippi State Auditor

Election

While working on Winter's staff in 1982, Mabus requested that the Department of Audit supply him with the latest three audit reports for Hinds County government. The department sent him three reports, with the latest dated 1977. Surprised, Mabus reminded the department that he wanted the three latest audits. The department informed him that 1977 was the last year in which an audit of the county was conducted, and that all audits were being conducted on a five-year-delay. Aspiring to run for elective office, Mabus researched the position of State Auditor.[15] He realized the office had the power to investigate nearly all state and local government agencies,[16] later saying, "I did a radical thing. I went and read the statute. That office had more jurisdiction than almost any in the state of Mississippi. It had never been used. It's the one place you can combat corruption without changing the law. It was sitting there, waiting for somebody like me to come along."[10] Concluding that it could be "the most powerful office in the state", he decided to run for the position of State Auditor in the 1983 elections.[16]

In the 1983 Democratic primary, Mabus faced Department of Audit employee Mason Shelby and former radio station owner Murray Cain.[17] Shelby was viewed as the favorite of the outgoing state auditor, Hamp King, and other leaders in the department. Mabus and Cain criticized the department for which Shelby worked as outdated in its methods and a part of an old boy network.[18] Mabus declared that the department was two to four years behind on most of its audits. King wrote an open letter to Mabus rejecting his claims as exaggerations and asked a legislative committee to conduct a review of the Department of Audit.[19] Mabus ultimately won the election, and the legislative report was published in December. The committee identified several flaws with the department's structure and practices, and determined that it was delinquent for 581 fiscal years worth of audits.[20]

Tenure

Mabus was sworn in as state auditor on January 5, 1984.

comprehensive annual financial report for state government for the 1986 fiscal year instead of separate reports for each state agency, the first time this had been done in Mississippi.[22] The consolidated report was well-received, and the legislature subsequently mandated the issuance of a comprehensive financial report by statute, though it transferred the responsibility for the document's publication to the Fiscal Management Board.[23]

Mabus discovered early in his tenure that many department auditors conducting reviews of county government finances were forced to piece together county accounting records as they worked.[15] Though the state charged $25 per day it took to work on a county audit, most counties found this preferable than paying to maintain their own accounting. Many auditors found that records were missing, which Mabus feared might conceal evidence of fraud.[24] In order to improve county accounting practices, he created a new requirement that county governments maintain up-to-date accounting records, raised the cost of daily auditing services to $100, and appointed a head of an investigative division in the department.[25] He had field auditors supplied with undercover tags so that their vehicles could not be traced during their investigations.[26]

Mabus warned the Mississippi Association of

bond ratings restored and leading to $1.7 million in misused funds being returned to the state.[10] His actions infuriated many county supervisors.[27]

Early in his term Mabus began collaborating with the

Pete Johnson on January 7, 1988.[34]

Governor of Mississippi

1987 election

Main article: 1987 Mississippi gubernatorial election
Mabus as governor.

Mabus began planning a gubernatorial bid in 1985 and formally declared his candidacy four days after Operation Pretense was revealed to the public in 1987. Incumbent

Ed Pittman, Maurice Dantin, John Arthur Eaves, and Mike Sturvidant.[6] Mabus had an advantage in being from northeast Mississippi, which usually heavily participated in Democratic primaries. He also enjoyed the good faith of many journalists for cracking down on corruption.[30] Some warned that county supervisors would organize against him as retaliation for his work as auditor, but these fears proved unfounded.[36][b] Mabus led in the August 4 primary with 37 percent of the vote, while Sturvidant—who spent heavily on his campaign—placed second with 16 percent.[37][38] A runoff was held on August 25 in which Mabus took 65 percent of the vote, the largest-ever margin of victory in a runoff in the state's history.[30][37]

In the 1987 general election Mabus faced Republican

Jack Reed. A businessman from Tupelo, Reed had worked with Winter on education reform and ran as a moderate, leaving voters with the impression that the two candidates had little to distinguish one from the other.[39] Mabus ran with the slogan "Mississippi will never be last again,"[14] and while his campaign did not articulate many specific stances, it emphasized a theme of change.[10] He pledged to raise the state's teacher salaries to the Southeastern average, which Reed criticized as necessitating either a tax hike or funding cuts to other government responsibilities. Mabus spent a total of $2.9 million on his campaign, the most ever spent on a Mississippi gubernatorial candidacy.[37] He won with 53.4 percent of the vote, relying on a coalition of support from blacks, urbanites, and traditional Democrats from the northeastern portion of the state.[39] About two-thirds of the white electorate voted against him, but he secured almost 90 percent of the black vote. Mabus was inaugurated as the 60th Governor of Mississippi on January 12, 1988. Aged 39, he was the youngest governor in the country.[14]

Executive action and appointments

Mabus staffed his gubernatorial administration with a significant number of political moderates from outside the state.[40] He appointed the first black members to the State Tax Commission and the first woman head of the Department of Public Safety.[41] Mabus had potential judicial appointments vetted by a commission before making a selection among their nominees.[42]

Legislative action

County reform

At the beginning of his term, Mabus enjoyed the cooperation of legislators

conference committee was unable to reconcile the two different proposals before they expired on the legislative calendar. The legislature successfully passed a bill raising supervisor's salaries, which Mabus vetoed on April 30.[46] In early June he declared that he would call the legislature into special session to consider the unit system legislation, and the session was eventually scheduled for August 10.[47] Addressing the legislature in joint session, Mabus denounced the beat system as an antiquated form of government which "made stealing too easy and too tempting" and created inefficiency.[48] On August 16, the legislature passed the County Government Reorganization Act, which stipulated that counties were to decide on what form of government to use in a November referendum, and further stipulated requirements for implementation of the unit system. Mabus signed the bill into law.[49] County supervisors began drawing up cost estimates of implementing the unit system, with estimates from 47 different counties varying from $500 to $1.48 million. Mabus and other observers denounced the estimates as exaggerated and criticized them for not incorporating cost-savings projections post-transition.[50] In November, 46 of the 82 counties voted to adopt the unit system, with 61 percent of voters backing the switch.[51] Mabus established the Governor's County Unit Task Force in January 1991 to examine the progress of the unit transition and recommend improvements.[52] None of its findings were used due to the end of Mabus' term.[53]

State fiscal reform and budgetary issues

During the 1988 session, Mabus vetoed a bill which would have forced the Fiscal Management Board—which he chaired as governor—to uniformly reduce expenditures if a projected revenue shortfall became apparent. He also convinced the legislature to appropriate the projected revenue surplus towards increasing schoolteacher salaries, and successfully lobbied the body to adopt several government reorganization recommendations, including the creation of a Department of Finance and Administration,[54] which replaced the Fiscal Management Board and assumed its responsibilities for making budget recommendations and fiscal adjustments.[55] The reorganization also led to the abolition of the State Eleemosynary Board and charitable hospitals, with the latter's funds subsequently diverted to the state Medicaid program.[54] Mabus was disappointed that the legislature did not adopt the majority of his proposals—which would have greatly reduced the number of state boards and commissions—but claimed that those enacted saved the state at least $928,744 annually.[55] In the 1989 session he proposed the legislature authorize the issuance of general obligation bonds to fund a five-year capital improvement plan and thereby free up general revenue for other services.[56] The bond proposal expired due to disagreement between the Senate and House, so Mabus called the legislature into special session to address the issue. The legislature authorized the issuance of $78.1 million in bonds for the 1990 fiscal year, and in the 1990 session authorized the issuance of an additional $69.5 million in bonds.[54] Facing a $120 million budget shortfall in early 1991, Mabus imposed large cuts to state expenditures as required by law.[57][44]

B.E.S.T.

Mabus decided to focus on improving public education during the 1990 legislative session.

state lottery.[59] The state constitution banned lotteries, and could only be amended by public referendum following the approval of two-thirds of the legislature. The Senate refused to approve a referendum,[60] but the legislature passed most of B.E.S.T. with the added provision that the program would expire on June 30 if no funding was ultimately found for it.[59]

On June 18, Mabus called the legislature into special session to consider various plans for funding B.E.S.T.. He suggested several options for the body to consider including the lottery, gambling taxes, or higher government service fees, but refused to consider tax increases, arguing that the state had overused that option for previous education improvements. The legislature ultimately adjourned without approving a funding plan. Mabus continued to lobby for the financing of B.E.S.T. for another year without success.[60] As time went on, many legislators began to feel Mabus was arrogant and did not want to be an equal partner in creating public policy for the state.[61] Focus groups convened by Mabus' campaign organization in the aftermath of the special session largely interpreted the governor's failure as a result of his unwillingness to compromise with the legislature.[62]

He gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation;

Fortune Magazine's ten "best education governors".[64]

Political affairs

In January 1988, Mabus indicated that he wanted to replace the chairman of the Mississippi Democratic Party, Ed Cole, the first black man to hold the position.[65] The move rankled many black Democrats in the state.[66] Some of Cole's supporters accused Mabus of racism, but most criticized him for attempting to effect a personal takeover of the party. Mabus and his allies attempted to cast Cole as an "old guard" moderate of an ineffective organization while portraying his desired candidate, Billie Thompson, as an effective reformer and fundraiser. On April 9, the party's executive committee voted to reelect Cole as chairman. In his victory speech, Cole declared, "I want [Mabus] to know that he belongs to our party and our party does not belong to him."[65]

1991 election

Main article: 1991 Mississippi gubernatorial election

Enabled by a gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1986, Mabus became the first Mississippi governor to run for reelection in the 20th century. In the 1991 Democratic primary he faced former U.S. Congressman

U.S. Congress.[68] Equipped with more financial resources, Mabus' spent five times the amount of Dowdy and won in the primary with 50.7 percent of the vote.[68]

In the general election Mabus faced Republican Kirk Fordice, a former Vicksburg construction executive.[44] Fordice had not been expected by most observers to win his own primary and thus entered the general election with momentum, while Mabus had been harmed by his narrow victory in the Democratic contest. Mabus' campaign focused on attempting to make Fordice unappealing, while Fordice's campaign concentrated their efforts on turning the election into a referendum on Mabus' performance.[69]

Fordice declared his support for legislative term limits and welfare reform. He labeled Mabus a "Kennedyesque liberal" who focused too much on education and criticized his deficit spending.[44] Republican-hosted focus groups found the governor to be "aloof" and unconcerned with the necessities of "average" Mississippians[70] and Fordice's signature campaign television ad attacked the incumbent for having "tried" but "not accomplished much".[69] Mabus continued to advocate support for public education and attack Fordice as a lobbyist and outsider who did not appreciate the needs of the state. Later in the campaign, race became an issue, as Fordice declared his support for workfare and ending racial quotas. Mabus aired a series of television ads which accused Fordice of planning to shut down the state's historically black schools.[44]

The governor spent twice as much as his opponent and held an edge in polls up to the election, but many potential voters identified themselves as undecided. On November 5, Fordice won with 50.8 percent to Mabus' 47.6 percent, the first Republican victory in a Mississippi gubernatorial race since 1874.[71] Having received six percent less of the total vote share than in 1987, several observers blamed Mabus' loss on perception that he was an arrogant leader. Turnout among black voters was also lower in 1991, and some national Democrats accused Fordice of using race-baiting tactics.[72] Mabus was succeeded by Fordice on January 14, 1992.[73]

Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and aftermath

Mabus was appointed by President

United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia. Confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 1, 1994,[74] he served until 1996, when he resigned to return to Mississippi to work for his family's lumber business.[75] During his tenure five Americans were killed in a bombing at a military training installation in Riyadh.[76] Before he departed, the Saudi Arabian government inducted him into the Order of King Abdulaziz.[77]

After his return to Mississippi, Mabus practiced law.

bankruptcy reorganization and resigned from the post in 2007 to spend more time in Mississippi.[78]

Secretary of the Navy

Appointment

Mabus meeting with President Obama in the Oval Office in June 2010.
Gen. James T. Conway, Sec. Mabus, and Adm. Gary Roughead testify before Congress in February 2010.
Army-Navy Game
in December 2016.

In 2008 Mabus campaigned for Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama in Mississippi, who was subsequently elected President of the United States.[79] On March 27, 2009, Mabus was nominated by Obama to be appointed Secretary of the Navy.[80] He was sworn in on May 19, 2009,[81] and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18, 2009, where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates.[82][83][84]

Great Green Fleet

Several months after taking office, Mabus declared that he wanted to originate half of all of the Navy's power needs from non-petroleum sources by 2020. As part of this, he declared that a number of ships would be covered under a "Great Green Fleet" initiative in which half of them would be partly powered by sources other than fossil fuels.[85] He argued that using alternative energy sources would reduce the force's reliance on foreign oil imports and thereby increase its energy independence.[86] The Navy experimented with biofuels during his tenure, though their high expense often garnered skepticism,[85] including when Senator John McCain noted that one report of a 2012 exercise showed that a half biodiesel fuel blend cost the Navy $26.75 per gallon instead of the usual $3.25 per gallon.[85][87] As a result, Congress required all major purchases of alternative fuels to be conducted at competitive prices. In 2016 the Navy introduced a beef-fat fuel blend that cost $2.05 per gallon.[87] Later in his tenure the destroyer USS Mason successfully operated on a biofuel blend that cost only $1.99 per gallon, a fact which Mabus claimed was overlooked.[85]

Ship naming controversies

See also: United States ship naming conventions

As Navy secretary, Mabus was given the responsibility of naming the force's ships.

Tucson, Arizona.[90]

Subsequent ship namings include his January 6, 2016, announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman

gay rights icon and San Francisco Democratic politician Harvey Milk.[93]

Gulf Coast recovery

In June 2010, Obama ordered Mabus to draft a long-term plan to restore the condition of the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[94] Some regional businessmen and environmentalists were critical of the assignment, being troubled by Mabus' previous investments in energy trading companies and worried that as the secretary of navy, he would not be able to devote his full attention to the cleanup effort.[95] He introduced a recovery plan in September which received bipartisan support in Congress. Based on his recommendations, Congress subsequently passed the RESTORE Act, allocating over $5 billion to rehabilitate the coast.[94]

Budget disputes

After a January 2015 report by the

Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking "please refrain from taking any more public pot shots [...] I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse."[96]

Throughout his tenure, Mabus contracted the building of 86 ships for the navy.[97] In 2016 he drafted a budget for the navy for the 2018 fiscal year, which included billions of dollars earmarked for building dozens of additional ships. Carter's draft budget for the Department of Defense did not reflect this appropriation, and in December 2016 Mabus released a memo stating that he did not wish to cut money from shipbuilding, citing the decline in the size of the navy from 2001 to 2008. He also told Carter that "you and I both know that this budget is almost totally a symbolic one," making note of the impending end of Obama's tenure.[85]

Personnel affairs

Mabus stated that he placed emphasis on "developing a more diverse force" during his tenure.

maternity leave of Navy Department personnel to 18 weeks, though Carter later trimmed this to 12 weeks across all armed forced in January 2016.[87]

In late 2015 the Marine Corps released the results of a nine-month-long study on female performance in the corps, concluding that the average woman recruit was injured twice as often men, less accurate with infantry weapons, and not as effective at recovering wounded troops from the battlefield. Mabus immediately dismissed the findings, saying the Marine Corps failed to describe the effectiveness of the highest-performing women and did not provide sufficient reason to continue to exclude women from the most demanding roles in the corps. Following an instruction from Defense Secretary Carter, on January 1, 2016, Mabus ordered the Marine Corps to draft a plan to make all of its training co-ed within 15 days

Robert B. Neller and agreed to leave boot camp segregated by gender. His actions provoked the ire of members of Congress, with Representative Duncan D. Hunter demanding his resignation and others criticizing the narrow timeframe he had given the corps.[85]

Departure

Mabus declared in March 2016 that he would consider retirement[94] and stepped down as Secretary of the Navy on January 20, 2017, upon the inauguration of President Donald Trump. He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley, who became acting secretary pending the confirmation of a new permanent secretary.[85][99] Mabus was one of only a few national security officials to serve continuously during Obama's entire tenure[85] and the longest-serving secretary of the navy since Josephus Daniels, who served from 1913 to 1921. He declared, "For me, leading the Department of the Navy is the greatest honor of my life."[87]

Awards, honors, community service

Navy Distinguished Public Service Medal to U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal
(D-CT)

Mabus has been awarded the

U.S. Army's Distinguished Civilian Service Award, the Martin Luther King Jr. Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta, the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award, the King Abdulaziz Award
from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Mississippi Association of Educators' Friend of Education Award.

He was included in

J. P. Coleman at Governor's Park.[102]

He is active in many community activities, primarily focusing on education. Following Hurricane Katrina, he founded the Help and Hope Foundation, which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm.

Personal life

Mabus married Julie Hines, the daughter of a Jackson banker, in 1987, shortly before he ran for governor. Some observers speculated that the marriage was meant to improve his image before the campaign. They had two daughters together.[103] They divorced in 2000,[64] with the separation proceedings and the following custody dispute over their children marked by bitterness. A Hinds County court ultimately granted Mabus shared custody with the children.[103] He married Lynne Horecky in 2007.[64]

Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School.[104] During his tenure as Navy Secretary, he threw ceremonial first pitches at all 30 major league baseball parks in the United States, the only person ever believed to have done so.[88]

Acting

In 2009, and again in 2014, Mabus made

Semper Fortis", as an NCIS Agent named "Ray".[105] In 2012, he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of the USS Ronald Reagan.[106] Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the "It's Not a Rumor" episode of the TV series The Last Ship, issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message; in the storyline, by the time the ship received the orders, Mabus had succumbed to the "Red Flu" virus.[107]

Notes

  1. ^ Under the beat system, each supervisor on a given board is responsible for managing road construction in their assigned district, or beat. Under the unit system, road construction considerations are handled in a centralized manner by the entire board of supervisors and a county administrator and road manager.[32]
  2. ^ One undercover FBI agent, Jerry King, later stated that many supervisors were satisfied with Mabus' gubernatorial candidacy, noting that it would lead to his departure from the auditor's office.[27]

References

  1. ^ "Obituary for Raymond E. Mabus". The Greenwood Commonwealth. June 12, 1986. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Mullaney 1994, p. 205.
  3. ^ "Obituary for Lucille Curtis Mabus". Clarion-Ledger. June 9, 2000. p. 18. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  4. ^ "Leslie E Mabus in US, Social Security Death Index". Fold3. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  5. ^ "Obituary for Leslie E. Mabus". Clarion-Ledger. October 3, 1992. p. 16. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Sansing 2016, p. 229.
  7. ^ "Mississippi History Now | Ray Mabus: Sixtieth Governor of Mississippi: 1988-1992". www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  8. ^ "USSLittleRock.org". Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  9. ^ Bolton 2013, p. 135.
  10. ^ a b c d Boyer, Peter J. (February 28, 1988). "The Yuppies of Mississippi: How They Took Over the Statehouse". New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010.
  11. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 139, 196.
  12. ^ Bolton 2013, p. 248.
  13. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 139, 143–144.
  14. ^ a b c Sansing, David (August 2009). "Ray Mabus: Sixtieth Governor of Mississippi: 1988-1992". Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Crockett 2003, p. 89.
  16. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 196.
  17. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 87.
  18. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 87–88.
  19. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 88.
  20. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 88–89.
  21. ^ Oppel, Tom (January 6, 1984). "Statewide officials sworn into offices; Dye vows state will continue progress". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1B–2B. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  22. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 33.
  23. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 33–34.
  24. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 89–90.
  25. ^ a b Crockett 2003, p. 90.
  26. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 99.
  27. ^ a b Crockett 2003, p. 94.
  28. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 91.
  29. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 91–92.
  30. ^ a b c Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 197.
  31. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 87, 92.
  32. ^ McLaurin, Mac (July 10, 2017). "County Government". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Mississippi Humanities Council. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  33. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 92.
  34. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 95.
  35. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 196–197.
  36. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 93–94.
  37. ^ a b c Mullaney 1994, p. 207.
  38. ^ "Auditor in Mississippi Wins Democratic Slot for Governor". The New York Times (late ed.). Associated Press. August 26, 1987. p. A14.
  39. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 198.
  40. ^ Ball 2006, pp. 61–62.
  41. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 224.
  42. ^ Southwick 1998, p. 193.
  43. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 34.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Mullaney 1994, p. 209.
  45. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 110.
  46. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 112.
  47. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 112–113.
  48. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 113–114.
  49. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 114.
  50. ^ Crockett 2003, pp. 115–116.
  51. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 117.
  52. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 119.
  53. ^ Crockett 2003, p. 121.
  54. ^ a b c Pugh 2020, p. 35.
  55. ^ a b Pugh 2020, pp. 43–44.
  56. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 35, 45.
  57. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 223.
  58. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 223–224.
  59. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 224–225.
  60. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 225.
  61. ^ Nossiter 1994, p. 226.
  62. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, pp. 225–226.
  63. ^ Applebome, Peter (September 16, 1991). "Mississippi Governor's Record at Issue". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  64. ^ a b c d Sansing 2016, p. 230.
  65. ^ a b O'Keefe, Joe (April 10, 1988). "Cole retains Democratic chairmanship". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1A, 10A. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  66. ^ Nossiter 1994, p. 227.
  67. ^ Lamis 1999, pp. 252–253.
  68. ^ a b c Lamis 1999, p. 253.
  69. ^ a b Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 229.
  70. ^ Nash & Taggart 2009, p. 226.
  71. ^ Lamis 1999, p. 255.
  72. ^ Lamis 1999, pp. 255–256.
  73. ^ "Fordice sworn in as governor of Mississippi". Austin American-Statesman. January 15, 1992. p. A13.
  74. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (July 6, 1994). "D'Amato Gets Message Across With Hold on Envoy to Riyadh". The Washington Post. p. A17.
  75. ^ "U.S. Ambassador to Resign, Return Home to Mississippi". The Orlando Sentinel (Central Florida ed.). Associated Press. April 1, 1996. p. A8.
  76. ^ McKenzie, Danny (January 7, 1996). "Deadly bombing plagues busy, but homesick, Mabus". The Clarion-Ledger. p. 1B. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  77. ^ "Saudis honor outgoing Mabus". The Commercial Appeal. Associated Press. April 28, 1996. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  78. ^ "Johnson returns as CEO of supplier Foamex". Furniture Today. Bridge Tower Media. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  79. ^ a b c d Harkins, Gina; Meyers, Meghann (January 17, 2016). "Navy secretary builds legacy, one controversial brick at a time". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  80. ^ Emily Wagster Pettus (March 27, 2009). "Obama chooses ex-Miss. governor for Navy post". Navy Times.
  81. ^ "Mabus Sworn in as New Navy Secretary". Navy.mil. Navy News Service. May 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  82. ^ Barfield Berry, Deborah (June 19, 2009). "Former Miss. gov. sworn in as new Navy secretary". The Clarion-Ledger.
  83. ^ Harrison, Darren (June 18, 2009). "Secretary of Navy Committed to Sailors, Families". Official Website of the United States Navy. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  84. ^ Ewing, Philip (June 18, 2009). "Well sworn, SecNav praises traditions". Navy Times.
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  86. ^ "Mabus: Foreign oil U.S. weakness". The Clarion-Ledger. Associated Press. October 8, 2011. p. 2B. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
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Works cited

External links

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Political offices
Preceded by Auditor of Mississippi
1984–1988 		Succeeded by
Pete Johnson
Preceded by Governor of Mississippi
1988–1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of the Navy
2009–2017 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Mississippi
1987, 1991 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia

1994–1996 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
Within Mississippi 		Succeeded byas Former Governor
Preceded byas Former Governor Order of precedence of the United States
Outside Mississippi
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