Ray system

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Fresh impact crater on Mars showing a prominent ray system of ejecta. This 30 m (98 ft) diameter crater formed between July 2010 and May 2012 (19 November 2013; 3°42′N 53°24′E / 3.7°N 53.4°E / 3.7; 53.4).[1]

In

atmosphere, but more recently they have been identified on Mars in infrared images taken from orbit by 2001 Mars Odyssey's thermal imager
.

Gratteri crater, a rayed crater on Mars that was imaged by THEMIS at night. Image covers an area 32 km across.

Rays appear at visible, and in some cases infrared wavelengths, when ejecta are made of material with different reflectivity (i.e., albedo) or thermal properties from the surface on which they are deposited. Typically, visible rays have a higher albedo than the surrounding surface. More rarely an impact will excavate low albedo material, for example basaltic-lava deposits on the lunar maria. Thermal rays, as seen on Mars, are especially apparent at night when slopes and shadows do not influence the infrared energy emitted by the Martian surface.

The layering of rays across other surface features can be useful as an indicator of the relative age of the impact crater, because over time various processes obliterate the rays. On non-atmosphered bodies such as the Moon,

micrometeorites causes a steady reduction of the differential between the ejecta's albedo and that of the underlying material. Micrometeorites in particular produce a glassy melt in the regolith that lowers the albedo. Rays can also become covered by lava flows (such as those of Lichtenberg
on the moon), or by other impact craters or ejecta.

The rays of Kuiper, one of the freshest craters on Mercury

Lunar rays

The physical nature of lunar rays has historically been a subject of speculation. Early hypotheses suggested that they were deposits of salt from evaporated water. Later they were thought to be deposits of volcanic ash or streaks of dust. After the impact origin of craters became accepted,

Eugene Shoemaker
suggested during the 1960s that the rays were the result of fragmented ejecta material.

Recent studies suggest that the relative brightness of a lunar ray system is not always a reliable indicator of the age of a ray system. Instead the albedo also depends on the portion of iron oxide (FeO). Low portions of FeO result in brighter materials, so such a ray system can retain its lighter appearance for longer periods. Thus the material composition needs to be factored into the albedo analysis to determine age.

Among the lunar craters on the near side with pronounced ray systems are

far side of the Moon, such as the rays radiating from the craters Giordano Bruno, Necho, Ohm, Jackson, King, and the small but prominent Pierazzo
.

Most lateral transport of primary ejecta from impact craters is limited to a distance of a few crater radii, but some larger impacts, such as the impacts that made the

Tycho craters, launched primary ejecta halfway around the moon. [2]

North Ray and South Ray craters, each with a clear ray system, were observed from the ground by the astronauts of Apollo 16 in 1972.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spectacular new Martian impact crater spotted from orbit, Ars Technica, Feb 6 2014.
  2. ^ French, Bevan (1991). Lunar SourceBook: A Users Guide to the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 287.

Sources