Raynald of Châtillon
Raynald of Châtillon | |
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Lord of Hebron and Montréal | |
Catholicism |
Raynald of Châtillon (c. 1124 – 4 July 1187), also known as Reynald, Reginald, or Renaud, was
Always in need of funds, Raynald tortured
Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV's sister,
Early years
Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II, Lord of Donzy in France.[1][2] In older historiography, Raynald was thought to have been the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gien,[3] but the historian Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the lords of Donzy.[note 1] They were influential noblemen in the Duchy of Burgundy (in present-day western France), who claimed descent from the Palladii, a prominent Gallo-Roman aristocratic family during the Later Roman period.[1][5] Raynald's mother was an unnamed daughter of Hugh the White, Lord of La Ferté-Milon.[6]
Born around 1124, Raynald inherited the lordship of Châtillon-sur-Loire.[1][7] Years later, he would complain in a letter to Louis VII of France that a part of his patrimony was "violently and unjustly confiscated". The historian Malcolm Barber says that probably this event prompted Raynald to leave his homeland for the crusader states.[note 2][9] According to modern historians, Raynald came to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Louis VII's army during the Second Crusade in 1147,[note 3] and stayed behind when the French abandoned the military campaign two years later.[11][9] Early in 1153, he is known to have fought in the army of Baldwin III of Jerusalem during the siege of Ascalon.[12]
The 12th-century historian William of Tyre, who was Raynald's political opponent, describes him as "a kind of mercenary knight", emphasising the distance between Raynald and Constance, Princess of Antioch whom Raynald unexpectedly engaged to marry before the end of the siege.[12][9] Constance, the only daughter and successor of Bohemond II of Antioch, had been widowed when her husband Raymond of Poitiers fell in the Battle of Inab on 28 June 1148.[13][14] To secure the defence of Antioch, Baldwin III (who was Constance's cousin) led his army to Antioch at least three times during the following years. He tried to persuade Constance to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused John Roger, whom the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, had proposed to be her husband.[15][16] Raynald and Constance kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission for their marriage.[3][9] According to the historian Andrew D. Buck, they needed a royal permission because Raynald was in Baldwin's service.[17] The early-13th-century chronicle known as the Estoire d'Eracles states that Baldwin happily consented to the marriage because it freed him from his obligation to "defend a land" (namely Antioch) "which was so far away" from his kingdom.[18]
Prince of Antioch
After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald.
The Norman chronicler
Emperor Manuel, who claimed suzerainty over Antioch, sent his envoys to Raynald,
Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money.
Taking advantage of the presence of Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that had destroyed most towns in Northern Syria, Baldwin III of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the Orontes River in the autumn of 1157.[36] Raynald joined the royal army, and they laid siege to Shaizar.[35][36] At this point, Shaizar was held by the Shi'ite Assassins, but before the earthquake it had been the seat of the Sunnite Munqidhites who paid an annual tribute to Raynald.[36] Baldwin was planning to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders, but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town. After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart, the crusaders abandoned the siege.[37] They marched on Harenc (present-day Harem, Syria), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din captured it in 1150.[38] After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to Raynald of Saint-Valery from Flanders.[37][39]
Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia, forcing Thoros II to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158.
Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river
Captivity and release
Almost nothing is known about Raynald's life while he was imprisoned for fifteen years.
Nur ad-Din died unexpectedly in 1174. His underage son as-Salih Ismail al-Malik succeeded him, and Nur ad-Din's mamluk ('slave-soldier') Gümüshtekin assumed the regency for him in Aleppo. Being unable to resist attacks by the ambitious Kurdish warlord Saladin, Gümüshtekin sought the support of Raynald's stepson Bohemond III of Antioch, and on his request released Raynald along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christian prisoners in 1176.[53][54] Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000 gold dinars, reflected his prestige.[43] It was most probably paid by Emperor Manuel, according to Barber and Hamilton.[55][56]
Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1 September 1176,
Lord of Oultrejordain
First years
After his return from Constantinople early in 1177, Raynald married
Baldwin IV's cousin, Philip I, Count of Flanders, came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177.[65] The king offered him the regency, but Philip refused the offer, saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom.[67] Philip declared that he was "willing to take orders" from anybody, but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald's position as "regent of the kingdom and of the armies" as he thought that a military commander without special powers should lead the army.[68] Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival.[69]
Saladin invaded the region of Ascalon, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the Battle of Montgisard on 25 November, leading to his defeat.[70] William of Tyre and Ernoul attributed the victory to the king, but Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander.[71] Saladin himself referred to the battle as a "major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin",[72] according to Baha ad-Din.[73]
Raynald signed a majority of royal charters between 1177 and 1180, with his name always first among signatories, showing that he was the king's most influential official during this period.[74] Raynald became one of the principal supporters of Guy of Lusignan, who married the king's elder sister, Sybilla, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage.[75][76] The king's half sister, Isabella (whose stepfather, Balian of Ibelin, was Guy of Lusignan's opponent), was engaged to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron, in autumn 1180.[75]
Baldwin IV dispatched Raynald, along with
Fights against Saladin
Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s.
Saladin revived the Egyptian naval force and tried to capture Beirut, but his ships were forced to retreat.[90] Raynald ordered the building of at least five ships in Oultrejordain. They were carried across the Negev desert to the Gulf of Aqaba at the northern end of the Red Sea in January or February 1183.[91][92][93] He captured the fort of Ayla (present-day Eilat in Israel), and attacked the Egyptian fortress on Pharaoh's Island. Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts against ships delivering Muslim pilgrims and goods, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[91][94] Raynald left the island, but his fleet continued the siege.[95] Saladin's brother, al-Adil, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Pharaoh's Island and destroyed the Christian fleet. Some of the soldiers were captured near Medina because they landed either to escape or to attack the city. Raynald's men were executed, and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him.[95][96] Though Raynald's naval expedition "showed a remarkable degree of initiative" according to Hamilton, most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin's rule.[97] Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183, completing the encirclement of the crusader states.[98]
Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan regent in October 1183.[99] Within a month, Baldwin had dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson, Baldwin V, crowned king in association with himself.[100] Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he was at the wedding of his stepson, Humphrey, and Baldwin IV's sister, Isabella, in Kerak.[101] Saladin unexpectedly invaded Oultrejordain, forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak.[101] After Saladin broke into the town, Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between the town and the castle.[102] Saladin laid siege to Kerak.[103] According to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed.[103] After envoys from Kerak informed Baldwin IV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and Raymond III of Tripoli.[103] Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4 December.[103] On Saladin's order, Izz ad-Din Usama had a fortress built at Ajloun, near the northern border of Raynald's domains.[104]
Kingmaker
Baldwin IV died in early 1185.
Prince Reynald, lord of Kerak, was one of the greatest and wickedest of the Franks, the most hostile to the Muslims and the most dangerous to them. Aware of this, Saladin targeted him with blockades time after time and raided his territory occasion after occasion. As a result he was abashed and humbled and asked Saladin for a truce, which was granted. The truce was made and duly sworn to. Caravans then went back and forth between Syria and Egypt. [In the year 582 AH], a large caravan, rich in goods and with many men, accompanied by a good number of soldiers, passed by him. The accursed one treacheously seized every last man and made their goods, animals and weapons his booty. Those he made captive he consigned to his prisons. Saladin sent blaming him, deploring his treacherous action and threatening him if he did not release the captives and the goods, but he would not agree to do that and persisted in his refusal. Saladin vowed that, if ever had him in his power, he would kill him.
Capture and execution
The Estoire d'Eracles incorrectly claims that Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan.[104][118] She returned from Mecca to Damascus in a separate pilgrim caravan in March 1187.[104] To protect her against an attack by Raynald, Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling near Oultrejordain.[122] Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26 April and pillaged Raynald's domains for a month.[123] Thereafter, Saladin marched to Ashtara on the road between Damascus and Tiberias, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.[124][125]
The Christian forces assembled at Sepphoris.[124][126] Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort persuaded Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although Raymond III of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it.[115][127] During the debate, Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co-operating with the enemy.[128] Raynald and Rideford had fatally misjudged the situation.[115] Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July, and most commanders of the Christian army were captured on the battlefield.[129]
Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin.
Family
Raynald's first wife, Constance of Antioch (born in 1128), was the only daughter of Bohemond II of Antioch and Alice of Jerusalem.[137] Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130.[138] Six years later, she was given in marriage to Raymond of Poitiers who died in 1149.[139] The widowed Constance's marriage to Raynald is described as "the misalliance of the century" by Hamilton,[11] but Buck emphasises that "the marriage went unmentioned in Western chronicles".[17] Buck adds that Raynald's relatively low birth "actually made him the ideal candidate" to marry the widowed princess who had a son with a strong claim to rule upon reaching the age of majority, and Raynald was possibly "expected to eventually step aside".[140]
The daughter of Raynald and Constance,
Raynald's second wife,
Historiography and perceptions
Most information on Raynald's life was recorded by Muslim authors, who were hostile to him.
Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre.[154] The author of the Estoire d'Eracles stated that Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the "reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem".[104] Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a "maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the [Muslim] cause".[154] Runciman describes him as a marauder who could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain.[83] He argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he "could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes".[83] Cobb introduces Raynald as the "[r]elentless nemesis of Saladin", adding that Raynald's provocative actions inevitably led to Saladin's fatal invasion against the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[159] Along with Guy of Lusignan and the Knights Templar, Raynald is one of the negative characters in the Kingdom of Heaven, an epic action movie directed by Ridley Scott and released in 2005. Portrayed by Brendan Gleeson,[160] Raynald is presented in the film as an aggressive Christian fanatic who deliberately provokes a conflict with the Muslims to achieve their total destruction.[161]
Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith.
Notes
- ^ The contemporaneous historian Ernoul mentions that Raynald was "the brother of the lord of Gien" in France. For chronological reasons, this lord of Gien can only be associated with Hervé—a brother of Geoffrey II of Donzy—who gave the castle of Gien to his daughter Alix in dowry in 1153. They were both sons of Hervé II of Donzy.[4]
- ^ The crusader states—the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the County of Tripoli—were established by western aristocrats in the Middle East as a consequence of the First Crusade between 1098 and 1105. Occupying a narrow strip of land, the crusader states' survival depended on external support, and their leaders often appealed for help to the rulers of Catholic Europe.[8]
- ^ The Second Crusade was declared after the talented Turkic military leader Zengi captured the city of Edessa (now in Turkey) in late 1144.[10]
- ^ The duke (or dux) of Antioch was one of the eleven highest-ranking officers in the principality but available sources do not contain detailed information on the dukes' role in state administration.[23]
- ^ Constance's paternal grandfather, the Italo-Norman aristocrat Bohemond I had established the Principality of Antioch on former Byzantine territory, but the Byzantines never abandoned their claim to the region. First, Bohemond I was forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty over the principality in the Treaty of Devol in 1108, but the treaty was never implemented. In 1137, Raymond of Poitiers swore an oath of fealty to the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos.[29][30]
- ^ The Armenian warlords of the mountainous regions of Cilicia had taken advantage of the establishment of the crusader states to strengthen their position against the Byzantines and their Turkic neighbours. The Armenian Rubenids closely cooperated with the crusaders (or Franks) and often accepted the suzerainty of the princes of Antioch.[31]
- ISBN 978-1-7823-9927-8.
References
- ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 104.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 201.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989, p. 345.
- ^ Richard 1989, pp. 410, 416.
- ^ Richard 1989, pp. 412–413.
- ^ Richard 1989, p. 410.
- ^ a b Cotts 2021, p. 43.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 4–25.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 206.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 180–185.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 98.
- ^ a b c Hamilton 1978, p. 98 (note 8).
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Lock 2006, pp. 40, 50.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 330–332, 345.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 77–78.
- ^ a b Buck 2017, p. 78.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 228.
- ^ a b c Baldwin 1969, p. 540.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 345 (note 1).
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 345–346 (note 1).
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 78–79, 116.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 90.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 42.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 104.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 209.
- ^ Buck 2017, pp. 104–105, 107.
- ^ Morton 2020, p. 43.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 83, 169–170.
- ^ Morton 2020, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 346.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 347.
- ^ Morton 2020, p. 130.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 541.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989, p. 348.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 542.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 327, 349.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 349.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 543.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 213.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 352.
- ^ a b c d e Hamilton 1978, p. 98.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 105.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 353.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 354.
- ^ a b c Baldwin 1969, p. 546.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 357.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 214.
- ^ Morton 2020, p. 133.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 358.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 365.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 82, 98, 103.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 408.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 365.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 112.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 105.
- ^ a b Hamilton 1978, p. 99.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 264.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 111.
- ^ Lock 2006, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Hamilton 2000, p. 117.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 100 (note 22).
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 593 (note 2).
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 268.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 118.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 268–269.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 123.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 133.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 270–271.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 100 (note 24).
- ^ The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 54.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 25).
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 26).
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 275.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 27).
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 277.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 101 (note 29).
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 276.
- ^ a b Hamilton 1978, p. 102.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103 (note 39).
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989, p. 431.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 171.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103 (note 42).
- ^ Lock 2006, pp. 61, 66.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 103.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 278.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 284.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 180.
- ^ Mallett 2008, p. 142.
- ^ Mallett 2008, pp. 142–143.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 437.
- ^ Mallett 2008, p. 143.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 181.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 599.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 281.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 282.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 440.
- ^ Runciman 1989, pp. 440–441.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989, p. 441.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hamilton 2000, p. 225.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 289.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 289–290, 293.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 218.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 604.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 220.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 294.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 294–295.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1969, p. 605.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 295.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hamilton 1978, p. 107.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 106–107.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 297.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989, p. 450.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 606.
- ^ Cobb 2016, p. 185.
- ^ The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh, pp. 316–317 (s.a. 582).
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 454.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 227.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 229.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 299.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 610.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 300.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 301.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 304.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 306.
- ^ a b c d e f Runciman 1989, p. 459.
- ^ Cotts 2021, p. 42.
- ^ Mallett 2014, p. 72 (note 49).
- ^ a b Nicholson 1973, p. 162.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 306, 423.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 460.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 183, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 183.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 199.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 79.
- ^ Makk 1994, pp. 47, 91.
- ^ a b Makk 1994, p. 47.
- ^ Makk 1994, p. 91.
- ^ Chiappini 2001, p. 31.
- ^ Buck 2017, p. 83.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. xviii, 40–41.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 365, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 413.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 90.
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 335 (note 1), Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 4).
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 441 (note 1).
- ^ a b Hamilton 2000, p. 92.
- ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 592 (note 592).
- ^ a b c Hamilton 1978, p. 97.
- ^ The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, p. 37.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 306, 423, 435.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, p. 97 (note 1).
- ^ a b Mallett 2008, p. 141.
- ^ Cobb 2016, pp. xx, 185.
- ^ Gabriele 2018, p. 613.
- ^ Liu 2017, p. 89.
- ^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 102, 104–106.
- ^ Cobb 2016, p. 306 (note 31).
- ^ Cotts 2021, p. 52.
- ^ Delingpole 2018.
- ^ Gabriele 2018, p. 612.
Sources
Primary sources
- The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh (Part 2: The Years 541–582/1146–1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin) (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007). ISBN 978-0-7546-4078-3.
- The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin or al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya by Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād (Translated by D. S. Richards) (2001). ISBN 978-0-7546-0143-2.
Secondary sources
- Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) [1955]. "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189". In Baldwin, Marshall W. (ed.). The First Hundred Years. ISBN 978-0-2990-4834-1.
- ISBN 978-0-3001-1312-9.
- Buck, Andrew D. (2017). The Principality of Antioch and Its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century. ISBN 978-1-7832-7173-3.
- Chiappini, Luciano (2001). Gli Estensi: Mille anni di storia [The Este: A Thousand Years of History] (in Italian). Corbo Editore. ISBN 978-8-8826-9029-8.
- ISBN 978-0-1987-8799-0.
- Cotts, John D. (2021). "Oppressor, Martyr, and Hollywood Villain: Reynald of Châtillon and the Representation of Crusading Violence". In Horswell, Mike; Skottki, Kristin (eds.). The Making of Crusading Heroes and Villains. Engaging the Crusades: The Memory and Legacy of the Crusades. Vol. 4. ISBN 978-0-3672-6444-4.
- ISSN 2059-6499.
- Gabriele, Matthew (Fall 2018). Spall, Richard (ed.). "Book Review. God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders, Scourge of Saladin. By Jeffrey Lee". ISSN 0018-2370.
- Hamilton, Bernard (1978). Baker, Derek (ed.). "The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon". S2CID 163740720.
- Hamilton, Bernard (2000). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. ISBN 978-0-5216-4187-6.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge Companions to History. ISBN 978-0-4153-9312-6.
- Liu, Yiou (2017). "Kingdom of Heaven and Its Ideological Message". Cinej Cinema Journal. 6 (1). University Library System of the ISSN 2159-2411.
- Makk, Ferenc (1994). "Anna (1.); Béla III". In ISBN 978-9-6305-6722-0.
- Mallett, Alex (2008). "A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon". S2CID 162979332.
- Mallett, Alex (2014). Popular Muslim Reactions to the Franks in the Levant, 1097–1291. ISBN 978-1-3170-7798-5.
- Morton, Nicholas (2020). The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187. ISBN 978-0-1988-2454-1.
- Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1154–1199. ISBN 978-9-0040-3676-5.
- ISBN 978-2-9038-5157-6.
- ISBN 978-0-5210-6163-6.
Further reading
- Hamilton, Bernard (2006). "Reynald of Châtillon". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). Q–Z. The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. IV. ISBN 978-1-5760-7862-4.
- ISBN 978-9-0041-2864-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4735-0854-5.
- Schlumberger, Gustave (1898). Renaud de Chatillon, Prince d'Antioche, seigneur de la terre d'Outre-Jourdain [Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch, Lord of the Land of Outrejourdain]. Librairie Plon.