Cusco
Cusco | |
---|---|
Cusco or Cuzco Qosqo ( Qorikancha Fountain at the Plaza de Armas View of colonial houses Aerial view of Cusco | |
UTC-5 | |
Area code | 84 |
Website | www |
Latin America and the Caribbean | |
Criteria | Cultural: iii, iv |
Reference | 273 |
Inscription | 1983 (7th Session) |
Cusco or Cuzco
The city was the capital of the
Spelling and etymology
The indigenous name of this city is Qusqu. Although the name was used in Southern Quechua, its origin is found in the Aymara language. The word is derived from the phrase qusqu wanka ('rock of the owl'), related to the city's foundation myth of the Ayar siblings. According to this legend, Ayar Awqa (Ayar Auca) acquired wings and flew to the site of the future city; there he was transformed into a rock to mark the possession of the land by his ayllu ("lineage"):[3]
Then Ayar Oche stood up, displayed a pair of large wings, and said he should be the one to stay at
Pacaritambo, which means those of origin because...they came out of that cave.[4]: 15–16
The Spanish conquistadors (Spanish soldiers) adopted the local name, transcribing it according to Spanish phonetics as Cuzco or, less often, Cozco. Cuzco was the standard spelling on official documents and chronicles in colonial times,[5] though Cusco was also used. Cuzco, pronounced as in 16th-century Spanish, seems to have been a close approximation to the Cusco Quechua pronunciation of the name at the time.[6]
As both Spanish and Quechua pronunciation have evolved since then, the Spanish pronunciation of 'z' is no longer universally close to the Quechua pronunciation. In 1976, the city mayor signed an ordinance banning the traditional spelling and ordering the use of a new spelling, Cusco, in municipality publications. Nineteen years later, on 23 June 1990, the local authorities formalized a new spelling more closely related to Quechua, Qosqo, but later administrations have not followed suit.[7]
There is no international, official spelling of the city's name. In English-language publications both "s"[8][9] and "z"[10][11] can be found. The Oxford Dictionary of English and Merriam-Webster Dictionary prefer "Cuzco",[12][13] and in scholarly writings "Cuzco" is used more often than "Cusco".[14] The city's international airport code is CUZ, reflecting the earlier Spanish spelling.
History
Historical affiliations
Kingdom of Cusco, 1197–1438
Inca Empire, 1438–1532
Kingdom of Spain – Habsburg (Governorate of New Castile and Viceroyalty of Peru), 1532–1700
Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon (Viceroyalty of Peru), 1700–1808
Kingdom of Spain – Bonaparte (Viceroyalty of Peru), 1808–1813
Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon (Viceroyalty of Peru), 1813–1821
Protectorate of Peru, 1821–1822
Peru, 1822–1836
Peru–Bolivian Confederation (Republic of South Peru), 1836–1839
Peru, 1839–present
Killke culture
The
Inca history
Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, restricted to the quarter that corresponded to the quarter in which he held territory. After the rule of Pachacuti, when an Inca died, his title went to one son and his property was given to a corporation controlled by his other relatives (split inheritance). Each title holder had to build a new house and add new lands to the empire in order to own land for his family to keep after his death.
According to Inca legend, the city was rebuilt by
The city fell to the sphere of
After the Spanish invasion
The first three
Pizarro ceremoniously gave
Pizarro renamed it as the "very noble and great city of Cuzco". Buildings often constructed after the Spanish invasion have a mixture of Spanish influence and Inca indigenous architecture, including the Santa Clara and San Blas neighborhoods. The Spanish destroyed many Inca buildings, temples and palaces. They used the remaining walls as bases for the construction of a new city, and this stone masonry is still visible.
Father Vincente de Valverde became the Bishop of Cusco and built his cathedral facing the plaza. He supported construction of the Dominican Order monastery (Santo Domingo Convent) on the ruins of the Corichanca, House of the Sun, and a convent at the former site of the House of the Virgins of the Sun.[19]: 222
During the
Cusco was built on layers of cultures. The Tawantinsuyu (former
Cusco was the center for the Spanish colonization and spread of Christianity in the Andean world. It became very prosperous thanks to agriculture, cattle raising and mining, as well as its trade with Spain. The Spanish colonists constructed many churches and convents, as well as a cathedral, university and archdiocese.
Present
A major earthquake on 21 May hit in 1950, and caused damage in more than one third of the city's structures. The Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive
In the 1990s, during the
Honors
- In 1933, the Congress of Americanists met in La Plata, Argentina, and declared the city as the Archeological Capital of the Americas.
- In 1978, the 7th Convention of Mayors of Great World Cities met in Milan, Italy, and declared Cusco a Cultural Heritage of the World.
- In 1983, UNESCO, in Paris, France, declared the city a World Heritage Site. The Peruvian government declared it the Tourism Capital of Peru and Cultural Heritage of the Nation.
- In 2001, in Cusco, the Latin American Congress of Aldermen and Councillors awarded Cusco the title of Historical Capital of Latinamerica.[29]
- In 2007 the Organización Capital Americana de la Cultura awarded Cusco the title of Cultural Capital of America.[29]
- In 2007, the New7Wonders Foundation designated New Seven Wonders of the World, following a worldwide poll.[30]
Geography
Location
Cusco extends throughout the Huatanay (or Watanay) river valley. Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cusco[citation needed], its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft). To its north is the Vilcabamba mountain range with 4,000–6,000-meter-high (13,000–20,000-foot) mountains. The highest peak is Salcantay (6,271 meters or 20,574 feet) about 60 kilometers (37 miles) northwest of Cusco.[31]
Climate
Cusco has a
In 2006, Cusco was found to be the spot on Earth with the highest average ultraviolet light level.[32]
Climate data for Cusco (Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1931–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 160.0 (6.30) |
132.9 (5.23) |
108.4 (4.27) |
44.4 (1.75) |
8.6 (0.34) |
2.4 (0.09) |
3.9 (0.15) |
8.0 (0.31) |
22.4 (0.88) |
47.3 (1.86) |
78.6 (3.09) |
120.1 (4.73) |
737 (29) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 19 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 105 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66 | 67 | 66 | 63 | 59 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 62 | 60 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143 | 121 | 170 | 210 | 239 | 228 | 257 | 236 | 195 | 198 | 195 | 158 | 2,350 |
Source 1: NOAA,[33] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[34] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1961–1990, precipitation days 1970–1990 and humidity 1954–1993)[35] Danish Meteorological Institute (sun 1931–1960)[36] |
Climate data for Cusco (Granja Kayra) (elevation 3,214 m (10,545 ft), 1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.0 (39.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 145.8 (5.74) |
126.4 (4.98) |
97.3 (3.83) |
33.1 (1.30) |
6.3 (0.25) |
3.7 (0.15) |
4.2 (0.17) |
5.2 (0.20) |
14.5 (0.57) |
43.6 (1.72) |
71.1 (2.80) |
114.9 (4.52) |
666.1 (26.23) |
Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru[37] |
Government
Throughout its history, Cusco has had a marked political importance. During the Inca period, it was the main political center of the region from which the Inca Empire was ruled and where the political and religious elite lived. After its Spanish foundation, it lost prominence due to Francisco Pizarro's decision to establish the capital of the new territories in the city of Lima because it had close access to the sea and communication with the metropolis. However, Cusco continued to be an important city within the viceregal political scheme to the point of being the first city in the entire Viceroyalty to have a bishop.Its participation in the trade routes during the viceroyalty guaranteed its political importanceIt remained the capital of the corregimiento established in these territories and, later, of the Intendancy of Cusco and, towards the end of the viceroyalty, of the Royal Audience of Cusco.
During the republic, Cusco's political role languished due to its isolation from the capital, coastline, and trade routes of the 19th and 20th centuries. However, it maintained its status as the main city in southern Peru, although subordinated to the importance that Arequipa was gaining, better connected with the rest of the country. Cusco has always remained the capital of the department of Cusco
Politically, according to the results of elections held in the second half of the 20th century, Cusco has been a stronghold of leftist parties in Peru. In the 1970s and 1980s, the socialist leader
Demographics
The city had a population of about 434,114 people in 2013 and 434,654 people in 2015 according to INEI.
City district | Area (km2) |
Population 2017 census (hab) |
Housing (2007) |
Density (hab/km2) |
Elevation (amsl) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cuzco | 116.22 | 114,630* | 28,476 | 936.1 | 3,399 | |
San Jerónimo | 103.34 | 57,075* | 8,942 | 279.2 | 3,244 | |
San Sebastián | 89.44 | 112,536* | 18,109 | 955.6 | 3,244 | |
Santiago | 69.72 | 94,756* | 21,168 | 950.6 | 3,400 | |
Wanchaq | 6.38 | 58,541* | 14,690 | 8,546.1 | 3,366 | |
Total | 385.1 | 437,538* | 91,385 | 929.76 | — | |
*Census data conducted by INEI[38][39] |
Economy
Economic activity in Cuzco includes agriculture, especially maize and native tubers. The local industry is related to extractive activities and to food and beverage products, such as beer, carbonated waters, coffee, chocolates, among others. However, the relevant economic activity of its inhabitants is the reception of tourism, with increasingly better infrastructure and services. It is the second city in this country that has and maintains full employment.
Tourism
Tourism has been the backbone to the Cusco economy since the early 2000s, bringing in more than 1.2 million tourists per year.[40] In 2019, Cusco was the region that reached the highest number of tourists in Peru with more than 2.7 million tourists.[41] In 2002, the income Cusco received from tourism was US$837 million. In 2009, that number increased to US$2.47 billion. [citation needed] Most tourists visiting the city are there to tour thew city and the Incan Ruins, especially the top destination, Machu Picchu, which is one of the Seven Modern Wonders of the World.
In order to keep up with tourist demand, the city is constructing a new airport in Chinchero known as Chinchero International Airport. It's main purpose is for tourists to bypass lay overs through Lima and connect the city to Europe and North America. It will replace the old airport, Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
Culture
Architecture
Due to its antiquity and significance, the center of the city preserves many buildings, squares and streets from pre-Columbian times as well as colonial constructions. That is why the city was declared in 1972 as "Cultural Heritage of the Nation" by Supreme Resolution No. 2900-72-ED.In 1983, during the VII session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided to declare this area as a World Heritage Site by establishing a central zone that constitutes the World Heritage Site proper and a buffer zone.
One of the characteristics that the Incas achieved with their urban plan in Cusco was the respect for the geographical matrix when building their fabric, since they responded with different design strategies to the rugged topography of the Andean area at 3399 meters above sea level
Language
The native language is Quechua, although the city's inhabitants mostly speak Spanish. The Quechua people are the last living descendants of the Inca Empire.
Museums
Cusco has the following important museums:[42]
- Museo de Arte Precolombino
- Casa Concha Museum (Machu Picchu Museum)
- Museo Inka
- Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco
- Centro de Textiles Tradicionales del Cuzco or Center of the Traditional Textiles of Cuscoin English
- Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants (Museo de plantas sagradas, mágicas y medicinales)[43]
- ChocoMuseo (The Cacao and Chocolate Museum)[44]
There are also some museums located at churches.
Religion
The most common religion in Cusco is
Cuisine
As capital to the Inca Empire, Cusco was an important agricultural region. It was a natural reserve for thousands of native Peruvian species, including around 3,000 varieties of potato cultivated by the people.[45] Fusion and neo-Andean restaurants developed in Cusco, in which the cuisine is prepared with modern techniques and incorporates a blend of traditional Andean and international ingredients.[46] Cuy, guinea pig, a native animal in Cusco, is a popular dish in the city.
Music
Folkloric institution established in 1924. It is considered to be the most important folkloric institution in the cityand was recognized by the Peruvian government as the country's first folkloric institutionand by the regional government as Living Cultural Heritage of the Cusco region.
Sport
Main sites
The
The Spanish explorer
The major nearby Inca sites are Pachacuti's presumed winter home, Machu Picchu, which can be reached on foot by the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu or by train; and the "fortress" at Ollantaytambo.
Less-visited
and many others.The surrounding area, located in the Watanay Valley, is strong in gold mining and agriculture, including corn, barley, quinoa, tea and coffee.
Cusco's main stadium
The city is served by Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
Architectural heritage
Because of its antiquity and importance, the city center retains many buildings, plazas, streets and churches from colonial times, and even some pre-Columbian structures, which led to its declaration as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1983. Among the main sights of the city are:
Barrio de San Blas
This neighborhood houses artisans, workshops and craft shops. It is one of the most picturesque sites in the city. Its streets are steep and narrow with old houses built by the Spanish over important Inca foundations. It has an attractive square and the oldest parish church in Cusco, built in 1563, which has a carved wooden pulpit considered the epitome of Colonial era woodwork in Cusco.
The Quechua name of this neighborhood is Tuq'ukachi, which means the opening of the salt.
Hatun Rumiyuq
This street is the most visited by tourists. On the street Hatun Rumiyoq ("the one with the big stone") was the palace of Inca Roca, which was converted to the Archbishop's residence.
Along this street that runs from the Plaza de Armas to the Barrio de San Blas, one can see the Stone of Twelve Angles, which is viewed as a marvel of ancient stonework and has become emblematic of the city's history.
Basílica de la Merced
Its foundation dates from 1536. The first complex was destroyed by the earthquake of 1650. Its rebuilding was completed in 1675.
Its cloisters of Baroque Renaissance style, choir stalls, colonial paintings and wood carvings are highlights, now a popular museum.
Also on view is an elaborate monstrance made of gold and gemstones that weighs 22 kg (49 lb) and is 130 cm (51.18 in) in height.
Cathedral
The first cathedral built in Cusco is the Iglesia del Triunfo, built in 1539 on the foundations of the Palace of
The main basilica cathedral of the city was built between 1560 and 1664. The main material used was stone, which was extracted from nearby quarries, although some blocks of red granite were taken from the fortress of Saksaywaman.
This great cathedral presents late-Gothic, Baroque and plateresque interiors and has one of the most outstanding examples of colonial goldwork. Its carved wooden altars are also important.
The city developed a distinctive style of painting known as the "
The cathedral is the seat of the
Plaza de Armas de Cusco
Known as the "Square of the warrior" in the Inca era, this plaza has been the scene of several important events, such as the proclamation by Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Cuzco.
Similarly, the Plaza de Armas was the scene of the death of Túpac Amaru II, considered the indigenous leader of the resistance.
The Spanish built stone arcades around the plaza which endure to this day. The main cathedral and the Church of La Compañía both open directly onto the plaza.
The cast iron fountain in Plaza de Armas was manufactured by Janes, Beebe & Co.
Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús
This church (Church of the Society of Jesus), whose construction was initiated by the
Its façade is carved in stone and its main altar is made of carved wood covered with gold leaf. It was built over an underground chapel and has a valuable collection of colonial paintings of the Cusco School.
Qurikancha and Convent of Santo Domingo
The Qurikancha ("golden place") was the most important sanctuary dedicated to the Sun God (
The temple was destroyed by its Spanish invaders who, as they plundered, were determined to rid the city of its wealth, idolaters and shrines. Nowadays, only a curved outer wall and partial ruins of the inner temple remain at the site.
With this structure as a foundation, colonists built the Convent of Santo Domingo in the Renaissance style. The building, with one baroque tower, exceeds the height of many other buildings in this city.
Inside is a large collection of paintings from the
Transport
Air
Cusco's main international airport is Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport, which provides service to 5 domestic destinations and 3 international ones. It is named in honor of Peruvian pilot Alejandro Velasco Astete who was the first person to fly across the Andes in 1925 when he made the first flight from Lima to Cusco. The airport is the second busiest in Peru after Lima's Jorge Chávez International Airport. It will soon be replaced by Chinchero International Airport. which will provide access to North American and Europe.
Rail
Cusco is connected by rail to the cities of Juliaca and Arequipa through the Southern Section of the Southern Railway, whose terminus in the city is the Wánchaq station. Additionally, from the San Pedro station, the South East Section of the Southern Railroad (formerCusco-Santa Ana-Quillabamba Railway) departs from the city, which is the route to the ancient Inca citadel of Machu Picchu.
Road
By road, it is connected to the cities of Puerto Maldonado, Arequipa, Abancay, Juliaca and Puno. The road that connects it with the city of Abancay is also the fastest to reach Lima after a journey of more than 20 hours crossing the departments of Apurímac, Ayacucho, Ica and Lima. PeruRail is the largest Peruvian railway company and provides service to stations in Cusco.
Twin towns – sister cities
- Athens, Greece
- Bethlehem, Palestine
- Baguio, Philippines
- Chartres, France
- Copán Ruinas, Honduras
- Cuenca, Ecuador
- Havana, Cuba
- Jersey City, United States
- Jerusalem, Israel
- Kaesong, North Korea
- Kraków, Poland
- Kyoto, Japan
- Mexico City, Mexico
- Moscow, Russia
- La Paz, Bolivia
- Potosí, Bolivia
- Puebla, Mexico[50]
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Santa Barbara, United States
- Tempe, United States[51]
- Xi'an, China
See also
- History of Cusco
- List of buildings and structures in Cusco
- Colonial Cusco Painting School
- Governorate of New Castile
- Inca religion in Cusco
- Inca road system
- Iperu, tourist information and assistance
- List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country
- PeruRail
- Peru's Challenge
- Pikillaqta
- Santurantikuy
- Tampukancha, Inca religious site
- Tourism in Peru
- Wanakawri
Notes
- ^ Cusco has been the preferred spelling since 1976; see Spelling and etymology.
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- ^ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
- ^ Censo 2005 INEI Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "Llegada de turistas aumentó 8,1% en el 2019".
- ^ Museums in Cusco theonlyperuguide.com
- ^ Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants, Cusco
- ^ Cacao and Chocolate Museum Archived 21 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Cusco
- ^ Leighton, Paula (7 July 2023). "Peru city bans GM to protect native potatoes". scidev.net. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ "Restaurantes". Sazón Perú. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007.
- ^ "Photo map of the sites in Upper Puncuyoc – Inca Wasi, cave group, reflection pond and abandoned pegs". bylandwaterandair.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "The Inca City of Cusco: A Fascinating Look at the Most Important City in the Inca Empire". totallylatinamerica.com. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ "Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco". aatccusco.com (in Spanish). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ "Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Puebla". sre.gob.mx (in Spanish). Secretaría de relaciones exteriores. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ "Our Sister Cities". tempesistercities.org. Tempe Sister Cities. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
Bibliography
- Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. New York and London: Academic Press. ISBN 9780127851099.
External links
Media related to Cusco at Wikimedia Commons Cusco travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Cusco official website
- Old map of Cusco Archived 20 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic Cities site