Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger
Rebellion of Bardas Phokas | ||||||||
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The Coronation of Basil II as co-emperor by Patriarch Polyeuctus, from the Madrid Skylitzes | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
Loyalists Basil II Support from: Kievan Rus' |
Rebels Buyid Dynasty
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Rebels
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Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
Basil II Gregory Taronites |
Bardas Phokas the Younger † Kalokyros Delphinas † Leo Melissenos David III of Tao Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos Leo Phokas of Antioch | Bardas Skleros | ||||||
Strength | ||||||||
loyalist forces plus 6,000 Varangians | Byzantine army of Asia Minor, plus 2,000 Caucasians |
The Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger (February 987 – October 989) was a major war within the
During the second half of the tenth century the Byzantine Empire was characterized by emperors either devoted to or forced into long periods of campaigning mostly in the Near East, Crete, Cyprus, Antioch; many other territories were also conquered during this period.[1][2][3] The success Byzantium experienced during this period was largely thanks to the Phokas clan, an aristocratic family who consistently produced competent generals, and their relatives. Indeed, during the reigns of Nikephoros II Phokas and his nephew John I Tzimiskes, these aristocratic generals supplanted the legitimate heirs of the Macedonian dynasty, the adolescent brothers Basil II and Constantine VIII, as the de facto rulers of the empire. When Tzimiskes died in 976 Basil II ascended to power. Quickly, however, tensions began to flare up within the royal court itself as the purple-born emperor attempted to reign fully out of the influence of the established court eunuchs. The figureheads behind the simmering tensions in the capital would come to blows in a major rebellion led by Bardas Phokas the Younger, the most powerful man left of the old Phokas regime.
Prelude to the rebellion
The war was sparked by tensions circulating between the newly crowned emperor
It was around this time that Bulgarian forces once again began to raid into Byzantine Greece. Basil, however, saw this as an opportunity: by crushing the Bulgarian forces, he could legitimize his reign at home while diminishing the distinguished military record of the Phokades carried on by Bardas Phokas in the east, as this was his main catalyst of support, he himself being a poor strategist. He departed for the western front in 986 and reached Serdica by summer. He besieged the city for twenty days before becoming worried on account of circulating rumors that Melissenos was planning a coup in the capital. On August 16, however, he was ambushed by the Bulgarian tsar Samuel's forces at the Gates of Trajan. His forces were scattered, and Basil was disgraced by the defeat.[5] Not only was Samuil able to reconquer much of the former Bulgarian Empire,[6][7][8][9] as it had been before the conquests of John I Tzimiskes, but support for Basil's reign fragmented both in Constantinople and in the east. Worse yet, news of the disastrous defeat would reach as far as Baghdad, where the former rebel Bardas Skleros had been granted asylum by the ruling Buyid dynasty.
Beginning of hostilities
In a formal treaty in December 986, Skleros agreed to a number of concessions to the Buyids, including an exchange of Muslim prisoners, and cession of certain border fortresses, provided that they would supply him with support in an open rebellion against the Byzantine Empire.
Meanwhile, Basil attempted to counter the invasion of Skleros by elevating Bardas Phokas back to Domestic of the East. Phokas, however, who was already in control of most of Byzantine Asia Minor, in turn rebelled against Basil.
Basil turns the tide
At this time, Basil II made a foreign policy decision which would change the course of eastern European history forever. In exchange for Kievan Rus' assistance in his civil war, and a guarantee to Christianize the Rus', Basil agreed to marry off his sister, Anna, to the prince of Rus', Vladimir the Great. Early in 988, Vladimir's forces arrived in Byzantium with his own troops along with a contingent of 6,000 Varangians.[14][15][16] The same year Basil crossed the Bosporus and took Delphinas' camp by surprise, defeating his troops and taking him into custody.[17] He was swiftly executed, while Nikephorus was arrested, as Basil's forces continued to move onward. As this offensive continued, the Georgian loyalist Gregory Taronites landed in Trebizond. He soon began to ravage Phokas' rear with impunity, moving towards the Euphrates. Phokas sent his son, also named Nikephoros, to the kouropalates of Tao, David III, in order to procure new troops for the rebellion. He managed marshaled 2,000 Caucasian troops.[18]
Taronites was defeated by Nikephoros,
Aftermath
Despite the inherently destructive nature of most rebellions, Bardas Phokas' rebellion in fact provided the Byzantine Empire with many long-term benefits. The first of these was the addition of the Varangians to the Imperial Guard. For the next three centuries this elite infantry force was the most effective component of the Byzantine army. Secondly, the resources-depleted David III was now in no position to withstand a concentrated Byzantine attack on his Iberian territories, and his countries were quickly overrun in the years after the civil war in retaliation for his support of Phokas.[26][27] Kievan Rus' emerged from the civil war the newest Christian state in Europe, and one of the largest, largely as a result of the diplomacy sparked by the rebellion.[12] The civil war also highlighted the inability of the Buyids to effectively influence Byzantine politics in a meaningful way despite their supposed military might and control of the Caliph.[28]
References
- ^ Romane 2015, pp. 6, 34–35.
- ^ Kennedy 2004, pp. 278–279.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 500–501.
- ^ a b c Kaldellis 2017, p. 94.
- ^ Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, pp. 674–675
- ^ Bozhilov, Iv., The anonimous of Haza. Bulgaria and Byzantium on the Lower Danube in the end of the 10th century, p. 125
- ^ Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971–987/989, GSU NCSVP, v. 82 (2), 1988, pp. 40–43
- ^ Nikolov, Centralism and regionalism in early medieval Bulgaria, pp. 194–195
- ^ Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 111, 113, 155
- ^ PmbZ, Bardas Skleros (#20785); Sharaf al-Dawla (#26976).
- ^ PmbZ, Bardas Skleros (#20785); Bād b. Dūstuk (#20727).
- ^ a b c d Kaldellis 2017, p. 97.
- ^ PmbZ, Bardas Phokas (der Jüngere) (#20784).
- ^ The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Oct., 1936), 479.
- ^ Kaldellis 2017, p. 98.
- ^ PmbZ, Basileios II. (#20838).
- ^ Holmes 2005, pp. 246, 460
- ^ PmbZ, David III. (von Tao) (#21432).
- ^ PmbZ, Gregorios Taronites (#22428).
- ^ Holmes 2005, pp. 98 note 69, 320, 406 note 21.
- ^ Strässle 2006, p. 78, note 1080.
- ^ a b PmbZ, Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos (#25675).
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 518.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 518–519.
- ^ Whittow 1996, p. 373.
- ^ PmbZ, David III. (from Tao) (#21432).
- ^ Kaldellis 2017, p. 101.
- ^ Kaldellis 2017, p. 102.
Sources
- Holmes, Catherine (2005). Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927968-5.
- ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
- Strässle, Paul Meinrad (2006). Krieg und Kriegführung in Byzanz: die Kriege Kaiser Basileios' II. gegen die Bulgaren (976–1019) (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-412-17405-X.
- ISBN 978-0190253226.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971–987/989 (Vremenna vizantiyska voenna administratsiya v balgarskite zemi 971–987/989, Временна византийска военна администрация в българските земи 971–987/989), in Yearbook of the Sofia University Magazine. Scientific Center of Slavic-Byzantine Research (GSU HCSVP), ch. 82 (2), 1988, pp. 39–65
- ISBN 954-430-299-9.
- Bozhilov, Ivan (1979). Bulgaria and Byzantium in the lower Danube in the end of the 10th century (Balgariya i Vizantiya na dolen Dunav v kraya na X vek, България и Византия на долни Дунав в края на X век). Academic Press Marin Drinov.
- Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971–987/989 (Vremenna vizantiyska voenna administratsiya v balgarskite zemi 971–987/989, Временна византийска военна администрация в българските земи 971–987/989), in Yearbook of the Sofia University Magazine. Scientific Center of Slavic-Byzantine Research (GSU HCSVP), ch. 82 (2), 1988, pp. 39–65
- Nikolov, Georgi (2005). Centralism and regionalism in early Medieval Bulgaria (end of the 7th – beginning of the 11th centuries) (Tsentralizam i regionalizam v rannosrednowekovna Balgariya (kraya na VII – nachaloto na XI vek), Централизъм и регионализъм в ранносредновековна България (края на VII – началото на XI век)). Academic Press Marin Drinov. ISBN 954-430-787-7.
- Pirivatrić, Srđan (1997). Samuil's state: appearance and character (Samuilovata darzhava: obhvat i harakter, Самуиловата държава: обхват и характер). Institute of Byzantology SANU.
- Romane, Julian (2015). Byzantium Triumphant. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473845701.