Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb

plasma membrane (invagination). This process forms vesicles containing the absorbed substances and is strictly mediated by receptors
on the surface of the cell. Only the receptor-specific substances can enter the cell through this process.

Process

Although receptors and their

clathrin-coated vesicle that then uncoats of clathrin and typically fuses to a sorting endosome. Once fused, the endocytosed cargo (receptor and/or ligand) can then be sorted to lysosomal, recycling, or other trafficking pathways.[1]

Function

Endocytosis is triggered when a specific receptor is activated in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

The function of receptor-mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell (examples include

lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes via clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for the effective signaling of hormones (e.g. EGF). Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling, due to the fact that random diffusion is too slow,[4] and mechanisms permanently downregulating incoming signals are strong enough to shut down signaling completely without additional signal-transducing mechanisms.[5]

Experiments

Using fluorescent or EM visible dyes to tag specific molecules in living cells, it is possible to follow the internalization of cargo molecules and the evolution of a clathrin-coated pit by fluorescence microscopy and immuno electron microscopy.[6][7]

Since the process is non-specific, the ligand can be a carrier for larger molecules. If the target cell has a known specific pinocytotic receptor, drugs can be attached and will be internalized.

To achieve internalisation of

antibodies can be used to target the nanoparticles to specific receptors on the cell surface (such as CCR5).[8]
This is one method of improving drug delivery to immune cells.

The development of

clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Traffic Lights peptides)[9][10][11] and photoswitchable small molecule inhibitors of dynamin (Dynazos)[12] has been reported. These photopharmacological
compounds allow spatiotemporal control of the endocytosis with light.

Characteristics

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4614-6527-0
    .
  2. S2CID 4380108
    .
  3. PMID 27499021
    .
  4. PMID 16236165
    . 2:43.
  5. PMID 12756289
    . 206, 2073-2082.
  6. PMID 19836955
    .
  7. PMID 24218552
    .
  8. PMID 27031090
    .
  9. PMID 23775788
    .
  10. PMID 25615951
    .
  11. S2CID 233175680
    .
  12. PMID 33016959
    .

External links
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