Rechargeable lithium metal battery
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are secondary lithium metal batteries. They have metallic lithium as a negative electrode, sometimes referred to as the battery anode. The high specific capacity of lithium metal (3,860 mAh g−1), very low redox potential (−3.040 V versus standard hydrogen electrode) and low density (0.59 g cm−3) make it the ideal anode material for high energy density battery technologies.[1] Rechargeable lithium metal batteries can have a long run time due to the high charge density of lithium. Several companies and many academic research groups are currently researching and developing rechargeable lithium metal batteries as they are considered a leading pathway for development beyond lithium-ion batteries.[2] Some rechargeable lithium metal batteries employ a liquid electrolyte and some employ a solid-state electrolyte.
History
A rechargeable lithium metal battery was commercialized by Moli Energy (now known as
Research directions
The primary challenges in developing practical rechargeable lithium metal batteries are low cell life due to low
Liquid electrolyte
Research directions include high salt systems, additives or fluorine-containing electrolytes that form solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layers on lithium, and encapsulating lithium inside protective shells.
Solid-state electrolyte
Solid polymer electrolytes such as poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) have been researched for decades but require high temperature, low voltage cathodes, and low current densities to reach reasonable cycle life and reliability.[4] Inorganic-polymer composites have been studied to find a processable, flexible system. Many inorganic materials families have been studied, including LiPON, lithium borohydride, glassy, semi-crystalline, and crystalline sulfides, NASICON structured phosphates, perovskites, anti-perovskites, and garnets.
Commercialization
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries have been commercialized by
Organization | Cell size | Current density | Cycles | Pressure | Mass loading | Temperature | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ion Storage Systems | 1 layer coin cell | 0.2 mA/cm2 | 25 | ? | 2.5 mAh/cm2 | 25 | [5] |
PolyPlus | 1 layer coin cell | 0.4 mA/cm2 | 50 | ? | 2.6 mAh/cm2 | ? | [6] |
Samsung | 600 mAh 2 layer | 3.4 mA/cm2 | 1000 | 20 atm | 6.8 mAh/cm2 | 60 °C | [7] |
Sion | 1.8 Ah | C/1.5 | 700 | ? | ? | ? | [8] |
Solid Power | 20 Ah 22-layer | 0.3 mA/cm2 | 30 | 10 atm | 3 mAh/cm2 | 29 °C | [9] |
QuantumScape | 70x85mm 10-layer | 3.2 mA/cm2 | 800 | 3.4 atm | 3.2 mAh/cm2 | 29 °C | [10] |
See also
- List of battery types
- Lithium battery
- Lithium metal battery
- Lithium ion battery
References
- ISSN 1754-5692.
- S2CID 139241677. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- ^ Emma Jarratt (2020-09-18). "New lessons from the epic story of Moli Energy, the Canadian pioneer of rechargeable lithium battery technology". Electric Autonomy Canada. ArcAscent Inc. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
- PMID 25714564. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- )
- ^ "ARPA-E IONICS 2020 update" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- S2CID 216386265. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- ^ "Key EV Battery Performance Requirements". Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- ^ "December 10, 2020 announcement on Twitter". Retrieved 2021-02-13.
- ^ "Quantumscape Q4 2021 Shareholder Letter" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-02-21.