Rechtsstaat
Rechtsstaat (German: [ˈʁɛçt͡sˌʃtaːt] ⓘ; lit. "state of law"; "legal state") is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in Dutch and German jurisprudence. It can be translated into English as "rule of law", alternatively "legal state", state of law, "state of justice", or "state based on justice and integrity".[1] It means that everyone is subjected to the law, especially governments.
A Rechtsstaat is a constitutional state in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law.[2] It is closely related to "constitutionalism" which is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in also emphasizing what is just (i.e., a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity). Thus it is the opposite of Obrigkeitsstaat (German: [ˈoːbʁɪçkaɪ̯t͡sʃtaːt] ⓘ) or Nichtrechtsstaat (a state based on the arbitrary use of power),[3] and of Unrechtsstaat (a non-Rechtsstaat with the capacity to become one after a period of historical development).[4]
In a Rechtsstaat, the power of the state is limited in order to protect
Immanuel Kant
German writers usually place the theories of German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) at the beginning of their accounts of the movement toward the Rechtsstaat.[6] Kant did not use the word Rechtsstaat, but contrasted an existing state (Staat) with an ideal, constitutional state (Republik).[7] His approach is based on the supremacy of a country's written constitution. This supremacy must create guarantees for implementation of his central idea: a permanent peaceful life as a basic condition for the happiness of its people and their prosperity. Kant proposed that this happiness be guaranteed by a moral constitution agreed on by the people and thus, under it, by moral government.[8]
Kant's political teaching may be summarized in a phrase: republican government and international organization. In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law (Rechtsstaat) and of eternal peace. Indeed, in each of these formulations, both terms express the same idea: that of legal constitution or of 'peace through law.' ... Taken simply by itself, Kant's political philosophy, being essentially a legal doctrine, rejects by definition the opposition between moral education and the play of passions as alternate foundations for social life. The state is defined as the union of men under law. The state rightly so called is constituted by laws which are necessary
a priori because they flow from the very concept of law. A regime can be judged by no other criteria nor be assigned any other functions, than those proper to the lawful order as such."[9]
The actual expression Rechtsstaat appears to have been introduced by Carl Theodor Welcker in 1813,[10][11] but it was popularised by Robert von Mohl's book Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft nach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates ("German Policy Science according to the Principles of the Constitutional State"; 1832–33). Von Mohl contrasted government through policy with government, in a Kantian spirit, under general rules.[12]
Principles of the Rechtsstaat
The most important principles of the Rechtsstaat are:[13]
- The state is based on the supremacy of national constitution and guarantees the safety and constitutional rightsof its citizens
- Civil society is an equal partner to the state
- Separation of powers, with the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government limiting one another's power and providing for checks and balances
- The executiveare bound by law (not acting against the law), and the legislature is bound by constitutional principles
- Both the legislature and democracy itself are bound by elementary constitutional rights and principles
- Transparencyof state acts and the requirement of providing a reason for all state acts
- Review of state decisions and state acts by independent organs, including an appeal process
- Hierarchy of laws and the requirement of clarity and definiteness
- Reliability of state actions, protection of past dispositions made in good faith against later state actions, prohibition of retroactivity
- Principle of the proportionality of state action
Russian model of Rechtsstaat: a concept of the legal state
The
Valery Zorkin, President of the Constitutional Court of Russia, wrote in 2003:
Becoming a legal state has long been our ultimate goal, and we have certainly made serious progress in this direction over the past several years. However, no one can say now that we have reached this destination. Such a legal state simply cannot exist without a lawful and just society. Here, as in no other sphere of our life, the state reflects the level of maturity reached by society.[14]
The Russian concept of legal state adopted many elements of
See also
- Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)
- Legal doctrine
- Philosophy of law
- Police state and État légal
- Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant
- Nuremberg Principles
References
- ^ The word Rechtsstaat also occurs, with the same meaning, in Dutch.
- ^ Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, ch. 7; Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy
- ^ The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). Editors: Silkenat, James R., Hickey Jr., James E., Barenboim, Peter D. (Eds.), Springer, 2014
- ^ Gerd Roellecke (15 June 2009). "War die DDR ein Unrechtsstaat?". FAZ.net. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- doi:10.7202/043305ar.
- ^ Hayek, Friedrich (1960). The Constitution of Liberty. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 196–7.
- ^ Heuschling, Luc (2002). État de droit, Rechtsstaat, Rule of Law (in French). Paris: Dalloz. pp. 54–5.
- ^ Reiss, Hans, ed. (1971). Kant's Political Writings. Translated by H.B. Nisbet. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. pp. 79, 117–18.
- ^ Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph, eds. (1987). History of Political Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 581–2, 603.
- ^ Hayek, Friedrich (1960). The Constitution of Liberty. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 482.
- ^ Welcker, Karl Theodor (1813). Die letzten Gründe von Recht, Staat und Strafe. Giessen: Giessen, Heyer.
- ^ Heuschling, Luc (2002). État de droit, Rechtsstaat, Rule of Law (in French). Paris: Dalloz. pp. 36–40. In this context Polizei means "policy", not "police": Stewart, 2007.
- ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6
- ^ The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform, ed. Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).
- ^ James Buchanan, The Logical Foundations of Constitutional Liberty, Volume 1, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 1999, p. 314.
- ^ Buchanan Entry at Nobel site
- ^ Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova. "The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia, in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform", edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).
External links
- Daniel R. Ernst – Ernst Freund, Felix Frankfurter and the American Rechtsstaat: A Transatlantic Shipwreck, 1894–1932. Georgetown Law Faculty Publications, October, 2009.
- Matthias Koetter, Rechtsstaat and Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Germany (2010), Understandings of the Rule of Law in Various Legal Orders of the World, Wikis of the Free University Berlin, edited by Matthias Koetter and Folke Schuppert
- Iain Stewart, "From 'Rule of Law' to 'Legal State': a Time of Reincarnation?" (2007)
- A. Anthony Smith: Kant's Political Philosophy: Rechtsstaat or Council Democracy? University of Notre Dame du Lac – 1985