Recoil operation
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Recoil operation is an operating mechanism used to implement locked-breech autoloading firearms. Recoil operated firearms use the energy of recoil to cycle the action, as opposed to gas operation or blowback operation using the pressure of the propellant gas.[1]
History
The earliest mention of recoil used to assist the loading of firearms is sometimes claimed to be in 1663 when an Englishman called Palmer proposed to employ either it or gases tapped along a barrel to do so.[2] However no one has been able to verify this claim in recent times, although there is another automatic gun that dates from the same year, but its type and method of operation are unknown.[3] Recoil-operation, if it was invented in 1663, would then lie dormant until the 19th century, when a number of inventors started to patent designs featuring recoil operation; this was due to the fact that the integrated disposable cartridge (both bullet and propellant in one easily interchangeable unit) made these designs viable. The earliest mention of recoil operation in the British patent literature is a patent by Joseph Whitworth filed in 1855 which proposed to use recoil to partially open the breech of a rifle, the breech then being manually pulled the rest of the way back by hand.[4] Around this time, an American by the name of Regulus Pilon is sometimes stated to have patented in Britain a gun that used a limited form of recoil operation. He had three British patents related to firearms around the 1850s to the 1860s; however, all of them refer to a means of dampening recoil in firearms, which wasn't a new idea at the time, rather than true recoil operation. The next to mention recoil operation in the British patent literature is by Alexander Blakely in 1862, who clearly describes using the recoil of a fired cannon to open the breech.[5] In 1864 after the Second Schleswig War, Denmark started a program intended to develop a gun that used the recoil of a fired shot to reload the firearm, though a working model wouldn't be produced until 1888.[6] Later in the 1870s, a Swedish captain called D. H. Friberg patented a design which introduced both flapper-locking and the fully automatic recoil operated machine gun.[7] Furthermore, in 1875 a means of cocking a rifle through recoil was patented through the patent agent Frank Wirth by a German called Otto Emmerich.[8] Finally came Maxim's 1883 automatic recoil operated machine gun which introduced the modern age of automatic machine guns.
Design
External videos | |
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ANIMATION Browning AUTO 5 "cycle of one shoot", YouTube |
The same forces that cause the
- Ejecta mass × ejecta velocity = recoiling mass × recoil velocity
The barrel is a moving part of the action in recoil-operated firearms. In non-recoil-operated firearms, it is generally the entire firearm that recoils. However, in recoil-operated firearms, only a portion of the firearm recoils while inertia holds another portion motionless relative to a mass such as the ground, a ship's gun mount, or a human holding the firearm. The moving and the motionless masses are coupled by a spring that absorbs the recoil energy as it is compressed by the movement and then expands providing energy for the rest of the operating cycle.
Since there is a minimum momentum required to operate a recoil-operated firearm's action, the
Categories
Recoil-operated designs are broadly categorized by how the parts move under recoil.
Long recoil
Long recoil operation is found primarily in shotguns, particularly ones based on John Browning's Auto-5 action. In 1885 a locked breech, long recoil action was patented by the Britons Schlund and Arthur.[9] In a long recoil action, the barrel and bolt remain locked together during recoil, compressing the recoil springs. Following this rearward movement, the bolt locks to the rear and the barrel is forced forward by its spring. The bolt is held in position until the barrel returns completely forward during which time the spent cartridge has been extracted and ejected, and a new shell has been positioned from the magazine. The bolt is released and forced closed by its recoil spring, chambering a fresh round.
The long recoil system was invented in the late 19th century and dominated the automatic shotgun market for more than half that century before it was supplanted by new gas-operated designs. While Browning halted production of the Auto-5 design in 1999, Franchi still makes a long-recoil–operated shotgun line, the AL-48, which shares both the original Browning action design, and the "humpbacked" appearance of the original Auto-5. Other weapons based on the Browning system were the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle (1906), the Remington Model 11 & "The Sportsman" model (a model 11 with only a two-shell magazine) shotguns, the Frommer Stop line of pistols (1907), and the Chauchat automatic rifle (1915).
- Cycle diagram explanation
- Ready to fire position. Bolt is locked to barrel, both are fully forward.
- Recoil of firing forces bolt and barrel fully to the rear, compressing the return springs for both.
- Bolt is held to rear, while barrel unlocks and returns to battery under spring force. Fired round is ejected.
- Bolt returns under spring force, loads new round. Barrel locks in place as it returns to battery.
Short recoil
The short recoil action dominates the world of
The method of locking and unlocking the barrel differentiates the wide array of short recoil designs. Most common are the John Browning tilting barrel designs based on either the swinging link and locking lugs as used in the
While the short recoil design is most common in pistols, the very first short-recoil–operated firearm was also the first machine gun, the Maxim gun. It used a toggle bolt similar to the one Borchardt later adapted to pistols. Vladimirov also used the short recoil principle in the Soviet KPV-14.5 heavy machine gun which has been in service with the Russian military and Middle Eastern armed forces since 1949. Melvin Johnson also used the short recoil principle in his M1941 rifle and M1941 Johnson machine gun.
- Cycle diagram explanation
- Ready to fire position. Bolt is locked to barrel, both are fully forward.
- Upon firing, bolt and barrel recoil backwards a short distance while locked together. Near the end of the barrel travel, the bolt and barrel unlock.
- The barrel stops, but the unlocked bolt continues to move to the rear, ejecting the empty shell and compressing the recoil spring.
- The bolt returns forward under spring force, loading a new round into the barrel.
- Bolt locks into barrel, and forces barrel to return to battery.
Inertia
An alternative design concept for recoil-operated firearms is the inertia operated system, the first practical use of it being the
Before firing, the bolt body is separated from the locked bolt head by a stiff spring. As the shotgun recoils after firing, inertia of the bolt body is large enough for it to remain stationary while the recoiling gun and locked bolt head move rearward. This movement compresses the spring between the bolt head and bolt body, storing the energy required to cycle the action. Since the spring can only be compressed a certain amount, this limits the amount of force the spring can absorb, and provides an inherent level of self-regulation to the action, allowing a wide range of
As the recoil spring returns to its uncompressed state, it pushes the bolt body backward with sufficient force to cycle the action. The bolt body unlocks and retracts the bolt head, extracts and ejects the cartridge, cocks the hammer, and compresses the return spring. Once the bolt reaches the end of its travel, the return spring provides the force to chamber the next round from the magazine, and lock the bolt closed.
- Cycle diagram explanation
- Ready to fire position. Bolt is locked to barrel, both are fully forward.
- Upon firing, the firearm recoils backwards into the shooter's body. The inertial mass remains stationary, compressing a spring. The bolt remains locked to the barrel, which in turn is rigidly attached to the frame.
- The compressed spring forces the inertial mass rearwards until it transfers its momentum to the bolt.
- The bolt unlocks and moves to the rear, ejecting the fired round and compressing the return spring.
- The bolt returns to battery under spring force, loading a new round and locking into place.
- The shooter recovers from the shot, moving the firearm forward into position for the next shot.
Muzzle booster
Some short-recoil–operated firearms, such as the German
Muzzle boosters are also used on some recoil-operated firearms'
Automatic revolvers
Several revolvers use recoil to cock the hammer and advance the cylinder. In these designs, the barrel and cylinder are affixed to an upper frame which recoils atop a sub-frame. As the upper receiver recoils, the cylinder is advanced and hammer cocked, functions that are usually done manually. Notable examples are the Webley–Fosbery and Mateba.
Other autoloading systems
Other autoloading systems are:
- Delayed blowbackfirearms uses an operation that delays the bolt opening until the gas pressure is at a safe level to extract.
- Blow forward firearms lack the use of a bolt but instead a moving barrel that gets dragged forward by the bullet until it leaves the barrel to cycle its action.
- Blowbackfirearms use the expanding gas impinging on the cartridge itself to push the bolt of the firearm rearward.
- Gas-operated firearms tap off a small amount of the expanding gas to power the moving parts of the action.
See also
References
- ISBN 9781614272830.
- ^ "HyperWar: The Machine Gun (Vol. /Part )". Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.
- ^ Birch, Thomas (1756). "The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from Its First Rise: In which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted in Their Proper Order, as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions".
- ^ Patent Office, Great Britain; Woodcroft, Bennet (1859). "Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588-1858]-Pt. II. A.D. 1858-1866".
- ^ "English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1862, 3354 - 3419". 1863.
- ^ "Sidste skud fra det danske maskingevær Madsen" [Last shot from the Danish machine gun Madsen]. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023.
- ISBN 9780894790317.
Friberg.
- ^ Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to fire-arms, ammunition, &c. Division I. Fire-arms and similar weapons ... Printed by order of the Commissioners of patents. Published and sold at the Commissioners of patents sale department.
- ISBN 9781317411154.
- ^ "Sjögrens halvautomat - en udda klassiker" [Sjögren's semi-automatic - an odd classic]. Jakt och Jägare. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ Articles in Engineering, June 1908 Forgottenweapons.com. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ U.S. patent 4,604,942
Bibliography
- Army Materiel Command (February 5, 1970), Automatic Weapons, Engineering Design Handbook: Guns Series, United States Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-260, archived from the original on April 8, 2013
External links
- How Does it Work: Long Recoil Forgotten Weapons
- How Does it Work: Short Recoil Forgotten Weapons
- Recoil operation, Animations and explanations of (short) recoil operation principle at howstuffworks.com