Red-capped cardinal
| Red-capped cardinal | |
|---|---|
| |
| Captive bird | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | Paroaria |
| Species: | P. gularis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Paroaria gularis | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Tanagra gularis Linnaeus, 1766 | |
The red-capped cardinal (Paroaria gularis) is a small species of
Thraupidae
. It is found in South America.
Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist
type locality has been restricted to French Guiana.[6] This species is now placed in the genus Paroaria that was introduced by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1832.[7]
The genus Paroaria is classified in the
Thraupidae, unlike the cardinals proper which are in the Cardinalidae
.
The
conspecific with the red-capped cardinal. The masked cardinal markedly differs from the red-capped cardinal by the black ear-coverts and the red (not black) lower throat and upper chest. Additionally, its lower mandible is typically whitish, but this is not entirely consistent, as it occasionally is pale flesh-coloured. This distinctive taxon was determined a different species, as suggested by the lack of hybridization with P. g. gularis in the limited area of overlap in southern Venezuela.[8]
There are two subspecies:[9]
- P. g. gularis (Linnaeus, 1766) (eastern Guianas to central Brazil)
- P. g. cervicalis Sclater, PL, 1862 (north east Bolivia and south west Brazil
Description
The adult red-capped cardinal is 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long and weighs about 22 g (0.78 oz). The
nominate subspecies has a crimson head, blackish lores and ocular region, and shiny black upperparts, apart from a white partial collar extending up the neck sides from the white underparts. The throat is black, extending to a point on the upper chest. The upper mandible is black, while the lower is pale flesh-coloured. The legs are dark grey (almost black) and the iris
is brownish-orange. In pattern the juvenile resemble the adults, but the upperparts are dusky-brown, the head is deep brownish-buff (darker on the cap), the bill is entirely black and the iris is pale, dull creamy-yellow.
The song is a variable, often repeated series of suweet-chu notes, and the call is a sharp chep.
Distribution and habitat
It occurs in lowlands of the
Guianas, Venezuela, eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia and the Amazon basin in Brazil. In Brazil it is, except for populations in the relatively open lowlands of north-eastern Roraima and along the Branco River and lower Rio Negro, apparently largely absent from the regions north of the northern bank of the Amazon River, but these regions are generally very poorly known and its presence cannot be discounted, especially in the section between the lower Rio Negro and Rio Jari (the river on the border between Pará and Amapá
).
This is a bird of swamps, mangrove, várzea and other semi-open areas near water. It is generally common, and even occurs in lightly wooded wet habitats in towns or cities (e.g. Manaus and Puerto Maldonado).
Behaviour
The red-capped cardinal feeds on
brood parasite) in late March. This suggests that breeding can also occur as early as February/March. There is no indication for a difference in breeding seasons between the red-capped and the masked cardinals.[10][11]
They build a shallow open
parasitised by the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis).[11]
References
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. Supplement. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 67–69, Plate 4 fig 4. The two stars (**) at the start of the paragraph indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
- ^ hdl:2246/678.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 316.
- ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 213–214.
- ^ Bonaparte, Charles (1832). "Paroaria". Giornale arcadico di scienze, lettre ed arti. 52: 206.
- PMID 19524053.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Tanagers and allies". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ a b Greeney, Harold F.; Gelis, Rudolphe A.; White, Richard (2004). "Notes on breeding birds from an Ecuadorian lowland forest". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 124 (1): 28–37.
- ^ a b c d Greeney, Harold F.; Merino, Paúl A. (2006). "Notes on breeding birds from the Cuyabeno Faunistic Reserve in northeastern Ecuador" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. 16 (2): 46–57.
Further reading
- ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
- Restall, Robin L.; Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. (2006): Birds of Northern South America. ISBN 0-7136-7242-0(vol. 2).
External links
- Explore Species: Red-capped Cardinal at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)