Red coat (military uniform)
Red coat, also referred to as redcoat or scarlet tunic, is a military garment formerly much used by British infantrymen, so customarily that the term became a common synecdoche for the soldiers themselves.
The red coat was widely (though not exclusively) used by the infantry units of the
The usage of red coats by English soldiers dates back to the Tudor period, when the Yeomen of the Guard and the Yeomen Warders were both equipped in the royal colours of the House of Tudor, red and gold. During the Tudor conquest of Ireland and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, units of English soldiers were equipped in red coats, most notably the New Model Army, which fought on the Parliamentary side.[2][3][4]
From the mid-17th century to the 19th century, the uniform of most British soldiers (apart from
History
Earlier instances
There had been instances of red military clothing pre-dating its general adoption by the
16th century
In the Kingdom of Ireland, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the soldiers of the queen's Lord-Lieutenant were occasionally referred to as "red coats" by Irish commentators, from the colour of their clothing. As early as 1561 the Irish named a victory over these troops as Cath na gCasóga Dearga, literally meaning 'The Battle of the Red Cassocks' but usually translated as the Battle of the Red Sagums – sagum being a cloak.[2] Note the Irish word is casóg ("cassock") but the word may be translated as coat, cloak, or even uniform, in the sense that all of these troops were uniformly attired in red.[citation needed]
That the term "redcoat" was brought to Europe and elsewhere by Irish emigrants is evidenced by Irish nobleman and soldier Philip O'Sullivan Beare, who mentions the 'Battle of the Redcoats' event in his 1621 history of the Tudor conquest of Ireland, written in Latin in Spain. He wrote of it as "that famous victory which is called 'of the red coats' [illam victoriam quae dicitur 'sagorum rubrorum'] because among others who fell in battle were four hundred soldiers lately brought from England and clad in the red livery of the viceroy."[3]
O'Sullivan alludes to two other encounters in which Irish rebels defeated English forces wearing 'red coats'. One concerns an engagement, twenty years later in 1581, during the Second Desmond Rebellion, in which he says, "a company of English soldiers, distinguished by their dress and arms, who were called 'red coats' [Vestibus et armis insignis erat cohors Anglorum quae "Sagorum rubrorem" nominabantur], and being sent to war [in Ireland] by the Queen were overwhelmed near Lismore by John Fitzedmund Fitzgerald, the seneschal."[10] The other relates to a rout by William Burke, Lord of Bealatury, in 1599 of "English recruits clad in red coats" (qui erant tyrones Angli sagis rubris induti).[11]
English sources confirm that royal troops in Ireland wore red uniforms. In 1584, the Lord President of the Council informed the Sheriffs and Justices of Lancashire who were charged with raising 200 foot soldiers for service in Ireland that they should be furnished with "a cassocke of some motley, sad grene coller, or russett".[12] Seemingly, russet was chosen. Again, in the summer of 1595, the Lord Deputy William Russell, writing to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, about the relief of Enniskillen, mentions that the Irish rebel Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, had "300 shot in red coats like English soldiers" – the inference being that English soldiers in Ireland were distinguished by their red uniforms.[13]
During the
17th century
The red coat evolved from being the British infantryman's normally worn uniform to a garment retained only for ceremonial purposes. Its official adoption dates from February 1645, when the Parliament of England passed the New Model Army ordinance. The new English Army was formed of 22,000 men, paper strength, comprising eleven regiments of cavalry each of 600 men for a total of 6,600, twelve regiments of infantry each of 1,200 men for a total of 14,400, and one regiment of 1,000 dragoons and the artillery, consisting of 900 men. The infantry regiments wore coats of Venetian red with white, blue or yellow facings. A contemporary comment on the New Model Army dated 7 May 1645 stated: "the men are Redcoats all, the whole army only are distinguished by the several facings of their coats."[9][17]
Outside of Ireland or Britain, the English red coat made its first appearance on a European continental battlefield at the Battle of the Dunes in 1658. A Protectorate army had been landed at Calais the previous year and "every man had a new red coat and a new pair of shoes."[18] The English name from the battle comes from the major engagement carried out by the "red-coats". To the surprise of continental observers they stormed sand-dunes 150 feet (46 m) high, fighting experienced Spanish soldiers from their summits with musket fire and push of pike.[19][20]
The adoption and continuing use of red by most British/English soldiers after The Restoration (1660) was the result of circumstances rather than policy, including the relative cheapness of red dyes.[21] Another factor favouring red was that dyes of this colour were "fast" and less inclined to fade when exposed to weather.[22] Red was by no means universal at first, with grey and blue coats also being worn.[23]
18th century
Prior to 1707, colonels of regiments made their own arrangements for the manufacture of uniforms under their command. This ended when a royal warrant of 16 January 1707 established a Board of General Officers to regulate the clothing of the army. Uniforms supplied were to conform to the "sealed pattern" agreed by the board.[24] The style of the coat tended to follow those worn by other European armies. From an early stage red coats were lined with contrasting colours and turned out to provide distinctive regimental facings (lapels, cuffs and collars).[25] Examples were blue for the 8th Regiment of Foot, green for the 5th Regiment of Foot, yellow for the 44th Regiment of Foot and buff for the 3rd Regiment of Foot.
In 1747, the first of a series of clothing regulations and royal warrants set out the various facing colours and distinctions to be borne by each regiment.[26] The long coat worn with a white or buff-coloured waistcoat[27] was discontinued in 1797 in favour of a tight-fitting coatee fastened with a single row of buttons, with white lace loops on either side.[28]
American Revolutionary War
In the United States, "Redcoat" is associated in cultural memory with the British soldiers who fought against the Patriots during the American Revolutionary War. The Library of Congress possesses several examples of the uniforms the British Army used during this time.[29] Most soldiers who fought the Patriots wore the red coat, though some German auxiliaries and some Loyalist units had blue or green clothing.[30]
Accounts of the time usually refer to British soldiers as "Regulars"
Other pejorative nicknames for British soldiers included "bloody backs" (in a reference to both the colour of their coats and the use of
19th–20th century
Following the discomfort experienced by troops in the Crimean War, a more practical tunic was introduced in 1855, initially in the French double-breasted style, but replaced by a single-breasted version in the following year.[36] An attempt at standardisation was made following the Childers Reforms of 1881, with English and Welsh regiments having white facings (collar and cuffs), Scottish yellow, Irish green and Royal regiments dark blue. However some regiments were subsequently able to obtain the reintroduction of historic facing colours that had been uniquely theirs.[37][38]
British soldiers fought in scarlet and blue uniforms for the last time at the
Even after the adoption of
Scarlet tunics ceased to be general issue upon British mobilisation in August 1914. The
As late as 1980, consideration was given to the reintroduction of scarlet as a replacement for the dark blue "No. 1 dress" and khaki "No. 2 dress" of the modern British Army, using cheaper and fadeless chemical dyes instead of cochineal. Surveys of serving soldiers' opinion showed little support for the idea and it was shelved.[51]
Colonial forces throughout the Empire
Red and scarlet uniforms were widely worn by British organised or allied forces during the Imperial period. This included the presidency armies of the East India Company from 1757 onwards (along with the succeeding British Indian Army),[52] and colonial units from Canada.[53]
History with the Royal Marines
Red coats were first worn by British sea-going regiments when adopted by the Prince of Denmark's Regiment in 1686.
Modern use in the Commonwealth
The scarlet tunic has been retained as the
Canada
Use of the scarlet tunic originates with the Canadian Militia, a militia raised to support the British Army in British North America, as well as the Canadian government following Confederation in 1867. Present dress regulations relating to the scarlet tunic originated from a simplified system ordered by the sovereign in 1902, and later promulgated in the Canadian Militia Dress Regulations 1907 and Militia Order No. 58/1908.[58] The dress regulations, including the scarlet tunic, were maintained after the Canadian Militia was reorganized into the Canadian Army in 1940.
The Canadian Army's universal full dress uniform includes a scarlet tunic.
In addition to the full dress uniform, a scarlet-coloured mess jacket is a part of the authorized
New Zealand
During the 19th century, several volunteer militias in New Zealand wore a variety of scarlet, dark blue, or green tunics, closely following the contemporary uniforms of the British Army. Presently however, the New Zealand Army Band and the Officer Cadet School are the only units of the New Zealand Army that use the scarlet tunic as part of their ceremonial full dress uniforms.
In addition to full dress, the standard mess dress for the New Zealand Army includes a scarlet jacket with dark blue/black lapels.[61]
United Kingdom
The scarlet tunic remains in the current British Army Dress Regulations. It is one of three coloured tunics used by the British Army; alongside dark green tunics (used by
In addition, the scarlet tunic is still used by some regimental bands or
Use with the Sovereign's Bodyguard
The Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms, the Military Knights of Windsor and the Yeoman of the Guard, are ceremonial units known as the Sovereign's Bodyguard. The first two wear an early 19th century scarlet officer tunic when performing ceremonial tasks. The Yeomen wear a scarlet frock of Tudor style.
Rationale for red
From the modern perspective, the retention of a highly conspicuous colour such as red for active service appears inexplicable and foolhardy, regardless of how striking it may have looked on the parade ground. However, in the days of the
Within the British Empire
There is no universally accepted explanation as to why the British wore red. As noted above, the 16th century military historian Julius Ferretus asserted that the colour red was favoured because of the supposedly demoralising effect of blood stains on a uniform of a lighter colour.[64]
In his book British Military Uniforms (Hamylyn Publishing Group 1968), the military historian W. Y. Carman traces in considerable detail the slow evolution of red as the English soldier's colour, from the Tudors to the Stuarts. The reasons that emerge are a mixture of financial (cheaper red, russet or crimson dyes), cultural (a growing popular sense that red was the sign of an English soldier),[65] and simple chance (an order of 1594 is that coats "be of such colours as you can best provide").
Before the
During the
On traditional battlefields with large engagements, visibility was not considered a military disadvantage until the general adoption of rifles in the 1850s, followed by smokeless powder after 1880. The value of drab clothing was quickly recognised by the British Army, who introduced khaki drill for Indian and colonial warfare from the mid-19th century on. As part of a series of reforms following the Second Boer War (which had been fought in this inconspicuous clothing of Indian origin), a darker khaki serge was adopted in 1902 for service dress in Britain itself.[68] From then on, the red coat continued as a dress item only, retained for reasons both of national sentiment and its value in recruiting. The British military authorities were more practical in their considerations than their French counterparts, who incurred heavy casualties by retaining highly visible blue coats and red trousers for active service[69] until several months into World War I.[70]
As a symbol
The epithet "redcoats" is familiar throughout much of the former British Empire, even though this colour was by no means exclusive to the British Army. The entire
Material used
Whether scarlet or red, the uniform coat has historically been made of wool, with a lining of loosely woven wool known as bay to give shape to the garment. The modern scarlet wool is supplied by Abimelech Hainsworth and is much lighter in weight than the traditional material, which was intended for hard wear on active service.[66]
The cloth for private soldiers used up until the late 18th century was plain weave broadcloth weighing 16 ounces per square yard (540 g/m2), made from coarser blends of English wool. The weights often quoted in contemporary documents are given per running yard, though; so for a cloth of 54 inches (140 cm) width a yard weighed 24 ounces (680 g). This sometimes leads to the erroneous statement that the cloth weighed 24 oz per square yard.
Broadcloth is so called not because it is finished wide, 54 inches not being particularly wide, but because it was woven nearly half as wide again and shrunk down to finish 54 inches. This shrinking, or milling, process made the cloth very dense, bringing all the threads very tightly together, and gave a felted blind finish to the cloth. These factors meant that it was harder-wearing, more weatherproof and could take a raw edge; the hems of the garment could be simply cut and left without hemming as the threads were so heavily shrunk together as to prevent fraying.
Officers' coats were made from superfine broadcloth; manufactured from much finer imported Spanish wool, spun finer and with more warps and wefts per inch. The result was a slightly lighter cloth than that used for privates, still essentially a broadcloth and maintaining the characteristics of that cloth, but slightly lighter and with a much finer quality finish. The dye used for privates' coats of the infantry, guard and line, was rose madder. A vegetable dye, it was recognised as economical, simple and reliable and remained the first choice for lower quality reds from the ancient world until chemical dyes became cheaper in the latter 19th century.
Infantry sergeants, some cavalry regiments and many volunteer corps (which were often formed from prosperous middle-class citizens who paid for their own uniforms) used various mock scarlets; a brighter red but derived from cheaper materials than the
The noncommissioned officer's red coat issued under the warrant of 1768 was dyed with a mixture of madder-red and cochineal to produce a "lesser scarlet"; brighter than the red worn by other ranks but cheaper than the pure cochineal dyed garment purchased by officers as a personal order from military tailors.[76] Officers' superfine broadcloth was dyed true scarlet with cochineal, a dye derived from insects. This was a more expensive process but produced a distinctive colour that was the speciality of 18th-century English dyers.
The most notable centre for dying "British scarlet" cloth was
During the 18th and much of the nineteenth centuries the cheaply made coats of other ranks in the British army were produced by a variety of contractors, using the laborious process of dyeing described above. Accordingly, even when new, batches of garments sent to regiments might be issued in different shades of red. This tendency towards variations in appearance, commented on by contemporary observers, would subsequently be compounded by weather bleaching and soaking.[78])
Red uniforms in non-Commonwealth armed forces
Although the term red coat is most often associated with British soldiers in the English language, several other armed forces have used red-coloured coats as a part of their uniform.
The term redshirts was also used in mid-19th century Italy to refer to volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi during the unification of Italy. However, the term redshirt is derived from the red shirts or loose-fitting blouses worn by volunteers, as opposed to a specific piece of military garment.
Historic uses
Several military forces have used red-coloured coats in the past. The combined
Certain specific military units have also historically worn red-coloured coats. The Royal Polish Guards of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, wore a red cloth jacket with white lapels and a blue or turquoise vest, and a red coat made of wool during the winter season.[80] The line infantry regiments of the Army of the Papal States were characterised by red coats and breeches during the 1730s.[81] During the Venezuelan War of Independence, the Ejército Libertador (Army of Liberation) adopted the red hussar cavalry uniforms used by the British Legions' Company of Honor Guard for Simón Bolívar. Prior to World War I, officers of the Prussian Army's Guard Cuirassier Regiment wore scarlet tunics as part of their gala uniform for court functions.[82]
Several French Army units have also historically worn red-coloured coats, including the Irish Brigade (1690–1792), who supposedly wore red-coloured coats to show their origins and continued loyalty to the cause of Jacobitism; and Swiss mercenary regiments in the French Army, including the Swiss Guards, from the mid-17th to early 19th centuries. The French North African spahi regiments also wore madder-red zouave style jackets until their disbandment in 1962. [83]
Modern uses
Several military units continue to use a red-coloured coat as a part of their ceremonial uniform. In Europe, red-coloured coats are still used by the Danish Royal Life Guards,[84] and the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene of the Royal Netherlands Army. The latter unit's red-coloured tunics are derived from British style red coats, in commemoration of the unit's foundation in exile in the United Kingdom during World War II.[85]
Several South American units continue to wear red-coloured coats for ceremonial purposes, including the Brazilian Marine Corps, and the Bolivian Colorados Regiment (colorados meaning red in the Spanish language). Several Venezuelan Army units also use a red-coloured coat as a part of their parade uniforms, including the Presidential Honor Guard,[86] the Compañia de Honor "24 de Junio" (Company of Honor "24 de Junio")[87] and the Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela.[88][89]
Red-coloured coats also see some use in Asia, forming a part of a unit's ceremonial uniform. The ceremonial honour guard uniform for the
United States
Members of the United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, United States Marine Band and the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps wear red coats for performances at the White House and elsewhere. This is a rare survival of the common 18th-century practice of having military bandsmen wear coats in reverse colors to the rest of a given unit. (United States Marines wear dark blue (almost black in appearance) tunics with red piping, so United States Marine bandsmen wear red tunics with dark blue piping.)
Gallery
-
Soldiers of the 4th Regiment of Horse, 1687
-
Soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot, 1742
-
Soldier of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment, 1758
-
Grenadier of the40th Regiment of Foot, 1767
-
Officer of the 71st Regiment of Foot, 1776
-
Private of the Royal Marines, 1815
-
-
Soldier of the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Dragoons, 1839
-
Soldiers of the 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in 1848
-
Officer and soldiers of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, 1891
-
Soldier of the Black Watch, c. 1900
-
Field Marshal Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, 1906
-
Parade of the Royal Fusiliers, c. 1916
-
Soldier of the Life Guards, 1983
-
Mascot and Goat Major of the Royal Regiment of Wales, 1999
-
Member of the Band of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, 2007
-
Drummers of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 2008
-
Soldiers of the Coldstream Guards and the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, 2012
-
Members of the Royal Canadian Regiment and Prince Philip, 2013
-
Members of the Governor General's Foot Guards, 2017
-
Officer and soldier of the Swiss Guards in French service, 1757
-
Officer and soldier of the Polish–Lithuanian Leib Dragoner Regiment, 1775
-
Royal guards of theRoyal Burmese Army
-
Alexander III in Danish Royal Life Guards uniform, 1899
-
Uniform of a French Moroccan Spahi officer, c. 1919–1939
-
Bolivian Colorados Regiment during a parade in Sucre, 2005
-
Graduating class of Brazilian Marine Corps recruits, 2008
-
Members of the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene, 2008
-
Member of the Red Guard of Senegal, 2012
-
Drummer of the American Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps, 2013
See also
References
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- ^ 'Elizabeth I: volume 180, June 1595', in Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1592-1596, ed. Hans Claude Hamilton (London, 1890), p. 322.
- ^ Major R.M. Barnes, A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army. Sphere Books Ltd, London (1972), p.257
- ^ Lawson (1969), p. 3.
- ^ Carman (n.d.), p. 15.
- ^ Young & Holmes (1999), p. 42.
- ^ a b Lawson (1969), p. [page needed].
- ^ Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1621), Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium, Vol. II, Bk IV, Chap XV, translated as Ireland Under Elizabeth by Matthew J. Byrne (1903). See p. 27 of Byrne's translation.
- ^ Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium by Philip O'Sullivan Beare (1621), Tome III, Bk V, Chap IV, translated as Ireland Under Elizabeth by Matthew J. Byrne (1903). See p. 118 of Byrne's translation.
- ^ Letter of the Lords in Council to the Sheriffs & Justices of Lancashire, dated 16 August 1584, concerning the raising and outfitting of 200-foot. Quoted in Francis Peck Desiderata Curiosa (1779), Vol I, Lib IV, No. LIII, p. 155.
- ^ "Elizabeth I: volume 180, June 1595", in Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1592–1596, ed. Hans Claude Hamilton (London, 1890), p. 322.
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- ^ Carman (1968), p. 13.
- ^ Clifford Walton, History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700 p. 363.
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No part of the Cloathing or Ornaments of the Regiments to be altered, after the following Regulations are put into execution by His Majesty's permission.
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- ^ Kannik (1968), p. 188.
- ^ ISBN 0393052117
- ISBN 2-203-14321-5.
- ^ Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 2 Page 30 of 256
- ^ The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, Vol. 4: To JOSEPH REED Cambridge, January 4, 1776. "..the red coats I mean..."
- ^ The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, Vol. 4: To JOHN AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON Camp at Cambridge, 13 October 1775. "whenever the red Coat gentry pleases to step out of their Intrenchments."
- ^ Crockett, Walter Hill (1921). Vermont: The Green Mountain State, Volume 2. New York: The Century History Company.
- ^ owing to the fact that a boiled American lobster is always bright red and near perfect match to the colour of the late 18th century uniform.
- ISBN 978-0-7478-0662-2(p. 89)
- ^ Carman & Simkin (1985), p. 33.
- ISBN 978-0-7063-5181-1.
- ^ Major R.M. Barnes, Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire, Sphere Books Ltd London 1972, pages 162-163
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- ^ Mollo (1972), pp. 215–216.
- ISBN 978-1-85409-196-3, p. 35
- ^ Major R.M. Barnes, A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army, Sphere Books Ltd, London (1972), pages 295-302
- ISBN 0-00-653152-0.
- ^ Major R.M. Barnes, Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire, Sphere Books Ltd, London (1972), page 157
- ^ "Army Uniform. Report of Sir A. Murray's Committee". The Times. 30 October 1919. p. 12.
- ^ "Foot Guards in Full Dress Again". The Times. 2 July 1920. p. 9.
- ^ "Guards' Uniform Changes. Pre-War Style Revised with Economies". The Times. 31 July 1920. p. 15.
- ^ Carman (1957), p. 158.
- ISBN 0-85045-273-2.
- ISBN 0-7137-1074-8.
- ^ Major R.M. Barnes, Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire, Sphere Books Ltd (1972), page 310 and plate VI (11)
- ISBN 0-9519342-2-8, p. 12
- ISBN 0-9519342-2-8, p. 91
- ^ "Dress Regulations: Chapter 40" (PDF). Royal Navy. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-85059-040-1
- ^ a b c d "Dress instructions - Chapter 6. Full dress and undress uniforms". Canadian Forces Dress Instructions. Government of Canada. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
- ^ a b "6-1". Canadian Armed Forces Dress Instruction (PDF). Canadian Armed Forces. 1 June 2001. p. 211. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ "City of Toronto Honour Guard". City of Toronto. 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Mess Dress". New Zealand Army. New Zealand Government. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Regimental Uniform Colour - Full Dress and Mess Dress" (PDF). Army Dress Regulations (All Ranks). Ministry of Defence. January 2011. p. 2. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ Mollo (1972), p. [page needed].
- ^ Clifford Walton, History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700 pg 363.
- ^ Carman (1968), pp. 13, 18, 25 & 33.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85753-243-2
- ^ Carman (1968), p. 24.
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- ISBN 978-3-902526-09-0.
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- ^ "Where did the Redcoat red dye come from?". The First Foot Guards. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
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- ^ Kannik (1968), p. 253.
- ^ Kannik (1968), pp. 254–255.
- ^ Regiment of Presidential Guards
- ^ "Campo de Carabobo". 8 January 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
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- ^ "Red de Círculos Bolivarianos asegura que la oposición está dolida por celebración del Bicentenario en Noticias24.com". Retrieved 3 January 2017.
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