Red star

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A red five-pointed star
A New Year tree with a red star in front of a church cupola in Volokolamsk, Russia, 2010.

A red star, five-pointed and filled, is a symbol that has often historically been associated with communist ideology, particularly in combination with the hammer and sickle, but is also used as a purely socialist symbol in the 21st century. It has been widely used in flags, state emblems, monuments, ornaments, and logos.

One interpretation sees the five points as representing the five fingers of the

social groups that would lead Russia to communism: the youth, the military, the industrial labourers, the agricultural workers or peasantry and the intelligentsia. In Soviet heraldry, the red star symbolized the Red Army and military service, as opposed to the hammer and sickle, which symbolized peaceful labour.[citation needed
]

Different countries across

Nazi occupation.[citation needed] The red star has also been used in a non-communist context and before the emergence of this movement, in symbols of countries and states since the 19th century. It appears for example on the flags of New Zealand and the U.S. state of California. Red star has also been used as logo by private agencies and corporations, such as the oil giant Texaco and beer multinational Heineken
.

History

Red Star (1908)

The star's origins as a symbol of communist

Bolsheviks they painted their tin stars red, the color of socialism, thus creating the original red star.[3]

The red star was used in communist media as early as in 1908 with the publication of the novel Red Star by Bolshevik revolutionary Alexander Bogdanov, which describes a technologically advanced communist civilization on Mars.[4]

Another claimed origin for the red star relates to an alleged encounter between

Esperantist, wore a green-star lapel badge; Trotsky inquired as to its meaning and received an explanation that each arm of the star represented one of the five traditional continents. On hearing that, Trotsky specified that soldiers of the Red Army should wear a similar red star.[5]

Regardless of the star's exact origin, it was incorporated into the Red Army's uniforms and heraldry as early as 1918.[6]

U.S. Army Signal Corps Curtiss JN-3 biplanes with red star insignia, 1915

Shortly before the founding of the Soviet Union, in mid-March 1916 the

U.S. Army Signal Corps' aviation section used the red star[7] for the national insignia for U.S. aircraft on the aircraft of the Signal Corps' 1st Aero Squadron during the Pancho Villa Expedition to apprehend the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa
.

Use in the USSR and its constituent republics

The symbol became one of the most prominent of the

Russian Federation military newspaper bore and bears the name Red Star (Russian: Krasnaya Zvezda).[8]

  • Red Army cap badge (1918-1922)
    Red Army cap badge (1918-1922)
  • Red Cavalry poster depicting a red star on a budenovka hat (1920)
    Red Cavalry poster depicting a red star on a budenovka hat (1920)
  • Kremlin Star, Moscow (1937)
  • Soviet Order of Victory, USSR (1945)
    Soviet Order of Victory, USSR (1945)
  • Plate by Adamovich, Russian SFSR (1921)
    Plate by Adamovich, Russian SFSR (1921)

As a holiday ornament

During the 1930s, Soviet publications encouraged the practice of decorating a New Year's tree, known as a yolka (Russian: Ёлка). These trees were often decorated with a red star, a practice that has continued in Russia since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.[9]

Gallery of the heraldry of Soviet republics

Gallery of Soviet flags

Use in other socialist countries

Following its adoption as an emblem of the Soviet Union, the red star became a symbol for communism around the world.

Several

Catalan countries
.

Eastern Bloc

The red star became a common element of the flags and heraldry of socialist states in the

Pahonia; the Soviet-era heraldry was re-adopted in 1995,[10]
and continues to be used today with minor modifications in 2012 and 2020.

Yugoslavia

In former Yugoslavia the red star served not only a communist symbol, but also as a more generic symbol of resistance against

Tito's partisans
wore the red star as an identification symbol during World War II.

Asia

As communist movements spread across Asia, some entities used a red star, while others used a yellow star (often on a red field) with the same symbolism. The

flag of the People's Republic of China has five yellow stars on a red field. The flag of Vietnam also has a yellow star on a red field. Examples of communes and villages in China named after the red star include Hongxing Village in Huilong Township, Hubei, China[11] and Kizilto in Xinjiang (named Hongxing Commune during the Cultural Revolution).[12]

Africa

Socialist countries in Africa also incorporated the red or gold stars into their heraldry. This practice was also adopted by countries that formed following anti-colonial national liberation struggles, which often involved Marxist organizations.

State military units

By March 2010, the Russian government readopted the Soviet red star (but now with a blue outline reflecting the three colors – white, blue and red – of the Russian flag) as a military insignia.[citation needed] The Russian Air Force used this star as a roundel up to 2013, when Russia re-instated the Soviet-era red star.[13]

As of 2014 the

Soviet red star. The coat of arms of Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
includes a modified version of the Soviet red star.

By states with limited recognition

proto-states located in Eastern Europe
. Due to their historical association with the Soviet Union, they have adopted socialist imagery – including the red star – into their flags and heraldry.

By sports teams

Several sporting clubs from countries ruled by communist parties used the red star as a symbol and named themselves after it, such as the Serbian club

District of Columbia respectively. The German rowing club Pirnaer Ruderverein 1872
began (and continues) to use red star since the 19th century.

Use by socialist groups

Armed revolutionary organizations

In 1970, the Red Army Faction, a West German militant group, used a red star paired with a Heckler & Koch MP5 in their highly recognizable insignia.

In 1994, the red star was included in the flag of the armed revolutionary Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in Chiapas, Mexico.

A number of communist parties in

.

The

Mojahedin-e-Khalq
uses the red star with the rifle, sickle and the map of Iran in the background.

Political parties and movements

The Brazilian leftist

Worker's Party uses a red star as its symbol with the party acronym (Portuguese: Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT) inside. Hugo Chávez and his supporters in Venezuela have used the red star in numerous symbols and logos, and have included it in the logo of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). It was also used throughout 2007 as a symbol of the "5 Engines of the Bolivarian Socialist Revolution". It is also used by the militant South African shack-dweller's movement Abahlali baseMjondolo. Like in Latin America and Africa, several European socialist parties continue to use a star as a part of their logos. The red star is also featured prominently in the independence flags of various separatist movements in Spain
.

Uses without socialist symbolism

Some red stars adopted in emblems and flags have a significance that does not originally relate to socialism. Among these, the most well-known include the current state

flag of the District of Columbia (designed in 1921, adopted in 1938) recalls George Washington's coat of arms. DC Comics' Wonder Woman
also wears a 5 point red star headband with gold or yellow background.

Crescent moon and star

The crescent moon and star was a symbol used by the Ottoman Empire. Various states with Ottoman history have thus adopted this symbol into their present-day flags.

Assorted Flags and Coats of Arms

Symbol of animal relief

The red star was adopted as the symbol of the

war animals, while securing the neutral status of the personnel engaged in such work. Besides the International Alliance, national Red Star societies were also established. Regarding animal relief, the International Red Star Alliance had an analogous role of that of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. To identify their neutral status, white brassards with red stars were worn by military veterinary personnel in World War I in a similar way medical personal worn brassards with red crosses.[14]

Following the War, the

]

Red stars in labels and logos

The red star was used by the Texaco oil company in various forms from 1909 to 1981.[16] Its overseas division Caltex also used the red star until 1996. Red Star Yeast was produced for a century in Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Oakland before its subsumption as a brand by Lesaffre.

A brand of

People's Republic of China.[17]

North Korea's Red Star operating system takes its name from the communist red star.

Legal status

The red star and the

state terror by several countries that were formerly either members of or occupied by the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Latvia,[18] Lithuania,[19] Hungary[20] and Ukraine[21][22][23] have banned the symbol among others deemed to be symbols of totalitarian political ideologies and the Soviet Union or its republics. In Poland, the Parliament passed in 2009 a ban that referred generally to "fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbols", while not specifying any of them.[24] Following a constitutional complaint, it has been abolished by the Constitutional Tribunal as contrary to articles in the Constitution of Poland guaranteeing the freedom of speech. A similar law was considered in Estonia, but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee due to its conflict with freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of Estonia
.

The

.

There have been calls for an EU-wide ban on both Soviet and Nazi symbols, notably by politicians from Lithuania, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. The European Commissioner for Justice, Franco Frattini, felt it "might not be appropriate" to include communist symbols in the context of discussions on xenophobia and anti-Semitism.[29]

In 2003, Hungarian politician Attila Vajnai was arrested, handcuffed and fined for wearing a red star on his lapel during a demonstration. He appealed his sentence to the European Court of Human Rights, which decided that the ban was a violation of the freedom of expression, calling the Hungarian ban "indiscriminate" and "too broad".[30]

In

two-euro commemorative coin to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of Franc Rozman
, a partisan commander, featuring a large star that represented a red star. This led to criticism from the Slovenian democratic parties without a communist history.

Non five-pointed red stars

Emblems and flags where the red stars displayed are not five-pointed are much rarer. These include the following:

See also

References

  1. Ukrayinska Pravda
    . 15 May 2015
    Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes, Interfax-Ukraine. 15 May 2015
  2. ^ Okhlebkin, V.V (2006). Dictionary of international symbols and emblems. ZAO Tsentrpoligraf.
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ Pri La Stelo: Militista simbolo
  6. ^ The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army By Mikhail Khvostov, Andrei Karachtchouk, page 37 (there are several mentions of the use of the red star from 1918)
  7. ^ "Historic Wings - Flight Stories - Chasing Pancho Villa". fly.historicwings.com. HW. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Just one day after arriving, on 16 March 1916, the first reconnaissance flight was flown by Capt. Dodd with Capt. Foulois (as an observer) on the Curtiss JN-3 S.C. No. 43. As with all of the Army's aircraft in that era, the plane carried simple markings – a red star on the tail and the large number 43 painted on the sides of the fuselage.
  8. ^ ""Красная Звезда" - cамая полная, достоверная и оперативная военная газета. Russian military newspaper". Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  9. ^ Weber, Hannah (25 December 2017). "Yolka: the story of Russia's 'New Year tree', from pagan origins to Soviet celebrations". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  10. ^ "Belarus News and Analysis | A Partisan Reality Show". www.data.minsk.by. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  11. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
    . 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 统计用区划代码 城乡分类代码 名称
    ...
    420325211201 220 红星村委会
  12. ^ 1997年阿克陶县行政区划 [1997 Akto County Administrative Divisions] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2020. 克孜勒陶乡 1966年成立克孜勒陶公社,1967年更名红星公社,1984年改设克孜勒陶乡。位于县城以南,距县城121千米。面积3882平方千米,人口0.8万,其中柯尔克孜族占99.16%,辖乌尔都隆窝孜、喀尔乌勒、塔尔开其克、托云都克、 塔木、喀普喀、其木干、阿尔帕勒克8个行政村。
  13. ^ Военно-воздушные силы отказались от трехцветных звезд Армия, Известия (in Russian)
  14. ^ Celebrating 125 years, American Humane Association
  15. ^ "When Disaster Strikes — Look to Red Star Animal Emergency Services" (PDF). americanhumane.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  16. ^ "History of Texaco". Texaco.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  17. ^ "RED STAR WINE 1949". REDSTARWINE. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  18. ^ "BC, Riga, 16.05.2013". The Baltic course. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  19. ^ "Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols". BBC News. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  20. ^ "Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism" (PDF). Ministry of Interior of Hungary. p. 97. Retrieved 21 February 2017. Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.
  21. ^ "Ukraine Bans Soviet-Era Symbols", The Wall Street Journal, 9 April 2015
  22. ^ LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols, archived from the original on 9 August 2015, retrieved 9 August 2015
  23. ^ "Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки". Офіційний Вебпортал Парламенту України.
  24. ^ "Poland Imposes Strict Ban on Communist Symbols". Fox News. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  25. ^ ECHR judgment in case Vajnai v. Hungary
  26. ^ "Wearing a red star in Hungary 'is a basic human right' : Europe World". Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  27. ECtHR
    3 November 2011.
  28. ^ European Court considers Labour Party's red star – in Hungarian
  29. ^ "EU ban urged on communist symbols". BBC News. 3 February 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  30. ^ Curry, Andrew (24 November 2009). "Vestiges of 'Genocidal System': Poland to Ban Communist Symbols". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 14 September 2013.

External links