Redistribution (election)
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Redistribution (re-districting in the United States and in the Philippines) is the process by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed. Redistribution is a form of
Australia
In Australia, redistributions are carried out by independent and non-partisan commissioners in the Commonwealth, and in each state or territory. The various electoral acts require the population of each seat to be equal, within certain strictly limited variations. The longest period between two redistributions can be no greater than seven years. Many other triggers can force redistribution before the chronological limit is reached. The redistribution is drafted by civil servants.
Canada
In Canada, the Constitution mandates that redistribution in the federal House of Commons occur "on the completion of each decennial census."[2] The number of seats amongst the ten provinces is set by several related constitutional provisions. District boundaries within provinces are based on electoral quotients for that province. Independent boundary commissions issue reports with new district boundaries for each province.
Once the reports are produced, they are then submitted to Parliament, MPs may offer objections to the boundaries, but the boundary commissions are not compelled to make any changes as a result of the objections.[3]
Similar processes are followed in each province, under provincial law.
India
India has an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. Redistributions are approved by political appointees to the
Ireland
The
Before 1977, boundary drawing was often partisan in favour of the government of the day. The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1959 was struck out in 1961 by the
Japan
Japan does not have an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. The frequency of redistributions is irregular and not triggered a particular event. Redistributions are approved by the national legislature.[citation needed]
Kazakhstan
In Kazakhstan, the redistribution of legislative districts is conducted by the Central Election Commission (CEC) as accordance with Articles 12 and 22 of the Constitutional Law "On Elections".[12] Under the guidelines of the CEC, the redistribution cycle for legislative elections takes place at least six months prior to the expiration of the term of elected deputies.[13]
Mexico
In Mexico, an independent administrative body, called the Instituto Nacional Electoral, redraws congressional districts according to an objective scoring function and optimization algorithm. Although political parties can propose maps, the process is largely influenced by redistricting algorithms.[citation needed]
New Zealand
New Zealand has a fixed process to determine how its legislative districts are redistributed. Redistribution in New Zealand happens every five years following the census.[14]
Philippines
In the Philippines, redistricting is carried out by
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, there are four Boundary Commissions (one each for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) responsible for reviewing the boundaries of Parliamentary constituencies. These are established by Parliament as arms-length bodies that operate outside of direct ministerial control. They are chaired by the Speaker of the House of Commons, however by convention they do not participate in the work of the commission. The deputy chair, who must be a serving High Court judge, therefore leads the commission with support from two other independent commissioners whose appointments are made following an open public appointments selection process.[15]
United States
In the United States, redistribution occurs after each decennial census. Most states' legislative district redistributions are approved by the state legislature. Supreme Court rulings (such as the one man, one vote principle) require that legislative districts have roughly equal populations.
See also
Notes
- ^ Large counties may be split into multiple constituencies, and small counties paired in a single constituency, but combining part of one county with part or all of another causes controversy.
References
- ^ "Boundary Delimitation Glossary". ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- Canadian Legal Information Institute. 1 April 1999. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Electoral boundaries". House of Commons Procedure and Practice Second Edition, 2009: Parliament of Canada.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ "Constitution Of Ireland". Article 16. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9781847667380. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4064-2952-7.; "Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Bill 2017: Second Stage". Seanad Éireann debate. Oireachtas. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2018.; "Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017". electronic Irish Statute Book. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ^ "Consultation Paper on the Establishment of an Electoral Commission in Ireland" (PDF). Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG). 27 January 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
- ISSN 0075-0778.
- ISBN 9780333347607.
- ^ "In re Art. 26 of the Constitution and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1961". [1961] I.R. 169. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ Carolan, Mary (28 November 2017). "Next Dáil 'unconstitutional' if number of TDs not increased". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.; O'Mahony, Conor; Ó Conaill, Seán (27 November 2017). "Not Just a Christmas Election – An Unconstitutional Election?". Constitution Project. UCC. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ "On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan". adilet.zan.kz. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ ""Қазақстан Республикасы Парламенті Мәжілісінің және мәслихаттарының депутаттарын сайлау бойынша сайлау округтерін құру тәртібі туралы" Қазақстан Республикасы Орталық сайлау комиссиясының 2022 жылғы 22 қарашадағы № 110/604 Қаулысы (2022.27.12. берілген өзгерістермен)". Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ (in Kazakh). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ "Calculating future Māori and General Electorates | Electoral Commission". 18 November 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ "About us | Boundary Commission for England". boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
External links
- A guide to Boundary Delimitation a series of articles from the ACE Project
- Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S. — from the ACE Project
- Boundary Delimitation in the Legal Framework of Elections — from the International IDEA publication International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for reviewing the legal framework of elections
- Redistribution Overview from the Australian Electoral Commission
- U.S. House of Representatives — District apportionment 1790 to 2000