Reform State
| Reform State | |||
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| 1940–1982 | |||
Communists, Liberationists, Catholic Church | |||
Chronology
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 Costa Rica portal |
The Reform State or Reformist State (
neoliberal reforms inherent in the Washington Consensus that began after the government of Luis Alberto Monge
.
The Liberal State crisis
Between 1870 and 1940, the
Chinese, Afro-Caribbeans and Italians to work on large urbanization projects such as the Atlantic Railroad. The latter pair of factors intertwined and were especially significant. Italians staged the first strike in the history of Costa Rica, and many immigrants come from countries where the workers' rights and socialist movements were strong.[2][3]
In 1914, the liberal
tinoquista dictatorship would last only two years and the Tinoco brothers would be overthrown and exiled in 1919. The constitutional order was restored with the election of Julio Acosta in December 1919.[4]
right-wing
.
Throughout this period, working conditions for many Costa Ricans were deplorable. The working population, influenced by intellectuals and politicians such as
Communist Party of Costa Rica), began a massive strike against the United Fruit Company. The 1934 Great Banana Strike involved about 10,000 workers and demanded such rights as wage increases, payment in cash instead of coupons, first aid kits on the farms, and an eight-hour workday.[2][3] Although the strike appeared successful, United Fruit did not follow through on the commitments, increasing both the pressure from workers for more radical reforms and the resistance to those reforms from the oligarchy.[5][6]
Calderón's Presidency
fascist and Nazi
sympathies.
Calderón won the
Manuel Mora Valverde and his Communist Party of Costa Rica (Partido Comunista de Costa Rica). Mora declined and warned Calderón, who was able to frustrate the coup.[7] Calderón, eager for allies, reached an agreement with Mora's party and the Catholic Church led by Monsignor Víctor Manuel Sanabria Martínez. To bring the Church into this alliance, the Communist Party changed its name to the Popular Vanguard Party (Partido Vanguardia Popular),[7]
and Calderon rolled back some of the secularizing measures taken by the Liberals. Of particular concern were laws that banned religious education and prohibited Catholic priests from positions as school principals.
The alliance gave Calderón enough political weight and popular support to promulgate the "
civil war in 1948.[7]
48 Revolution and Figueres Presidency
The 44-day
female suffrage as established in the Constitution; and, most notably, the abolition of the Army.[9] An attempted coup by Public Safety Minister Edgar Cardona known as "Cardonazo" was, in part, due to disagreement with this decision.[9]
Welfare State and Carazo's crisis
Costa Rica essentially remained a
fiscal deficit, a gigantic state payroll, and an unsustainable statist economy
which started to fracture the Reform State.
economic crisis.[11]
The Reform State effectively transitioned into a neoliberal, two-party state when
Sandinista Nicaragua, even allowing the Contras to operate along the Costa Rica's northern border.[11]
Most governments that followed Monge's implemented neoliberal measures:
Laura Chinchilla Miranda (2010-2014). After the fusion of Carazo's Unity Coalition into the Social Christian Unity Party in 1983, Costa Rica emerged as a quintessential two-party system. Its most iconic representation was the so-called Figueres-Calderón Pact (an agreement between then president Figueres Olsen and former president Calderón Fournier in 1994) that enacted many unpopular neoliberal policies thanks to the combined vote of the PLN and PUSC caucuses in Parliament.[12][13][14] The neoliberal, two-party system ended in turn with 2014's election of a progressive candidate from a third party, Luis Guillermo Solís of the Citizens' Action Party.[15][16][17]
References
- ^ "Costa Rica. El golpe de Tomás Guardia (1870) y la etapa liberal (1871- 1940)". EUMED. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9789977678672.
- ^ a b Salazar, Jorge Mario. "Estado liberal y luchas sociales en Costa Rica: 1870-1920". Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9789968313605.
- ISBN 9780814769874. Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-03. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ISBN 0801481880.
Great Banana strike 1934 collective agreement.
- ^ a b c d e f g Heidenreich, Andrés. "1948". Rectoría UCR. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
- ^ "Historia". Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
- ^ ISBN 9789968315302. Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Redacción (2016). "Del Estado Benefactor de 1949 a una Asamblea Constituyente". Mundo.
- ^ ISBN 9789968313834. Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ "Pactos, descrédito, inestabilidad". La Nación. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
- ^ Hernández Naranjo, Gerardo. "El discurso del pacto Figueres-Calderón". Revista de Ciencia Sociales, Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.
- ^ Salom, Roberto. "Costa Rica: Ajuste y pacto político" (PDF). Revista Nueva Sociedad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
- ^ Alcántara, Manuel (2008). "La ubicación ideológica de presidentes y partidos de izquierda en América Latina". Nueva Sociedad. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Alcántara, Manuel. "Las elecciones en Costa Rica: entre la tradición y el cambio" (PDF). Fundación Carolina. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-26.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ISBN 9788490126073. Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.