Regent Street

Coordinates: 51°30′39″N 0°08′19″W / 51.5108°N 0.1387°W / 51.5108; -0.1387
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Regent Street
George, Prince Regent of the United Kingdom
Maintained byTransport for London
Length0.8 mi (1.3 km)
LocationLondon, United Kingdom
Nearest tube station
Coordinates51°30′39″N 0°08′19″W / 51.5108°N 0.1387°W / 51.5108; -0.1387
Construction
Other
DesignerJohn Nash, James Burton
Known for
Websitewww.regentstreetonline.com

Regent Street is a major shopping street in the

George, the Prince Regent (later George IV) and was laid out under the direction of the architect John Nash and James Burton. It runs from Waterloo Place in St James's at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regent's Park
.

The street's layout was completed in 1825 and was an early example of

town planning in England, replacing earlier roads including Swallow Street. Nash and Burton's street layout has survived, although all the original buildings except All Souls Church have been replaced following reconstruction in the late 19th century.[1] The street is known for its flagship retail stores, including Liberty, Hamleys, Jaeger and the Apple Store. The Royal Polytechnic Institution, now the University of Westminster
, has been based on Regent Street since 1838.

Route

Regent Street is approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km) long and begins at a junction with

BBC Broadcasting House, with the road ahead being Langham Place, followed by Portland Place.[4]

The southern section of the road is one-way northbound and part of the A4, a major road through West London. From Piccadilly Circus northwards, it is numbered A4201, though in common with roads inside the London congestion charging zone, the number does not appear on signs.[4]

Nearby tube stations are Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus;[4] the lattermost being one of the busiest underground stations in London,[5] and is where three main lines (Central, Bakerloo and Victoria) meet.[6] Several bus routes, such as 6, 12, and 13, run along Regent Street.[7]

Panoramic view of Oxford Circus; the location where Oxford Street meets Regent Street

History

Beginnings: 1811–1825

Regent Street proposal, published 1813, titled "PLAN, presented to the House of Commons, of a STREET proposed from CHARING CROSS to PORTLAND PLACE, leading to the Crown Estate in Marylebone Park"

Regent Street was one of the first planned developments of London. An ordered structure of London streets, replacing the mediaeval layout, had been planned since just after the Great Fire of London (1666) when Sir Christopher Wren and John Evelyn drew plans for rebuilding the city on the classical formal model. After a lack of progress, houses were rebuilt on the old street network anyway.[8]

In 1766,

First Commissioner of Woods and Forests in 1793 and concluded that there should be a suitable road in place by 1811, when the lease for Marylebone Park ran out and ownership reverted to the Crown. It was hoped the road could link Pall Mall and the Haymarket, which had declined and became downmarket. A further problem was increased congestion around Charing Cross, which would benefit from road improvements.[9]

The street was designed by John Nash (who had been appointed to the Office of Woods and Forests in 1806 and previously served as an adviser to the Prince Regent) and by developer James Burton.[10] Nash proposed his own plans for the street in 1810 following the death of Fordyce,[9] envisioning broad, architecturally distinguished thoroughfares and public spaces, and [11] planned to construct a straight boulevard as seen in French cities, but this was not possible because of land ownership issues.[12] Nash's final design resulted in a road situated further west than on previous plans, and Nash believed the road would run down a de facto line separating the upper classes and nobility in Mayfair with the working class in Soho.[9]

The Quadrant, Regent Street in 1837, seen from Piccadilly Circus. The buildings have since been replaced

The construction of the northern section of the New Street involved demolishing most of the existing Swallow Street, which had become run down and was an ideal candidate for regeneration.[13] The road was designed to curve east between Oxford Street and Piccadilly so that it did not meet St James's Square, and the circuses allowed visual continuity down the street.[9] The central section, known as the Quadrant, was designed for "shops appropriated to articles of fashion and taste," and was Nash's centrepiece for the street. It was built with a colonnade of cast-iron columns, allowing commuters to walk along the street without having to face bad weather. The buildings along the Quadrant had different facades, a deliberate choice by Nash to break away from the uniform design of the previous century and a pragmatic means of using what building materials were available and what clients wanted.[14] The road was planned to end outside Carlton House in Pall Mall, the residence of the Prince of Wales.[12] Nash insisted that businesses on the street would be of high-quality to rival nearby Bond Street; common trades such as butchers or greengrocers were not allowed.[15]

The design was adopted by an Act of Parliament in 1813, which permitted the commissioners to borrow £600,000 for building and construction. The street was intended for commercial purposes and it was expected that most of the income would come from private capital. Nash took responsibility for design and valuation of all properties.[9] Construction of the road required demolishing numerous properties, disrupting trade and polluting the air with dust.[16] Existing tenants had first offer to purchase leases on the new properties.[14] The Treasury supported the proposal because, in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, there was an urgent need for the government to create jobs. Government expenditure was low because the design relied heavily on private developers, such as Nash himself.[17] The buildings were let on 99-year leases, as was common at the time, and income could be recouped in the form of ground rent.[18]

James Burton

St. James's,[22][20][19] whose facades he modelled on those of the Place Vendome in Paris, between 1815 and 1816.[19]

Other architects

The vast majority of the street was designed by Nash or Burton.

Sir John Soane, or others. By 1819, the Crown was receiving regular rent and the street was becoming established.[14] At first, it was named New Street and became a dividing line between Soho, which had declined socially and economically, and the fashionable squares and streets of Mayfair to the west.[23] Carlton House was demolished after completion of the works in 1829 and was replaced by Carlton House Terrace, designed by Nash and the son of James Burton, Decimus Burton.[24][12] Regent Street was the first shopping area in Britain to support late night opening in 1850, when shopkeepers agreed to keep stores open until 7pm.[25]

Rebuilding: 1895–1927

View northwards from junction with Vigo Street and Glasshouse Street, c. 1910 (from an old postcard)

During the 19th century, Regent Street became established as the "centre of fashion." Shops expanded into multiple properties, selling imported and exotic products to appeal to niche consumers.[14] By the end of the century, fashions had changed and the original buildings were small and old fashioned, restricting trade.[26] The colonnade constructed by Nash was demolished in the mid-19th century for fear it might attract "doubtful characters."[23] Other buildings were not up to modern building standards; some had been extended and were structurally suspect.[12] As the 99-year leases came to an end, Regent Street was redeveloped between 1895 and 1927 under the control of the Office of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues (now known as the Crown Estate).[1][27]

Photograph of Regent Street in 1942, facing Piccadilly Circus

The modern Regent Street is the result of this redevelopment. No original structures survive except south of Oxford Circus for some Nash-designed sewers.[25] The current design is an example of the Beaux Arts approach to urban design: an assembly of separate buildings on a grand scale, designed to harmonise and produce an impressive overall effect.[28] Strict rules governed the reconstruction.[26] Each block had to be designed with a continuous unifying street façade and finished in Portland stone.[28] The first redevelopment was Regent House, just south of Oxford Circus. The stylistic tone for the rebuilding was set by Sir Reginald Blomfield's Quadrant.[27]

The architect

Sir John James Burnet,[30] Arthur Joseph Davis[31] and Henry Tanner.[32]

The Bakerloo line, opened in 1906, follows Regent Street for part of its underground course

The Work was delayed by

King George V and Queen Mary driving in state along its length.[29] The only remaining Nash building is All Souls Church and all the buildings on the street are at least Grade II listed. All the properties are in the Regent Street Conservation Area.[33]

Meanwhile, the Bakerloo line of the London Underground was built running under the street for part of its course from 1902 until 1906, when it was opened on 10 March that year.[34] The line's entrance at Oxford Circus tube station, near Argyll Street, was designed by Leslie W. Green using glazed terracotta as a facing material.[35]

Crown Estate redevelopment

By the 1970s, Regent Street had started to decline because of under-investment and competition from neighbouring areas such as Oxford Street or shopping centres away from Central London. In 2002, the

The largest part of the plan was the reconstruction of the Quadrant close to Piccadilly Circus, which was completed in 2011. It offers 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of office space spanning over seven floors. Two Art Deco-designed restaurants have also been restored, and the development includes a small number of apartments.[38] The Crown Estate moved its own headquarters from Carlton House Terrace to Regent Street in 2006.[39]

The Quadrant on Regent Street, leading to Piccadilly Circus[b]

Properties

Retail

Little Argyll Street
and Great Marlborough Street.

The

Dickins and Jones was established at No. 54 Oxford Street as Dickins and Smith before moving to Nos. 232–234 Regent Street in 1835. It was renamed to Dickins and Jones in the 1890s after John Pritchard Jones became a business partner, and by the turn of the 20th century employed over 200 people. It became part of the Harrods group in 1914, and expanded to cover Nos. 224–244 in 1922, in a new building designed by Sir Henry Tanner. In 1959, House of Fraser took over the store by buying the Harrods group.[40] In 2005, House of Fraser announced that the store would close the following year, after it had been making a loss for several years and not kept up with more fashion-conscious department stores elsewhere. The building has been redeveloped with small shop units on the lower floors and flats and offices above.[40][41]

Liberty is at the junction of Regent Street with Great Marlborough Street

The

HMS Hindustan on neighbouring Great Marlborough Street connected by a footbridge over Kingly Street, which separates the properties.[42]

Hamleys Store in Regent Street (centre), next door to Jaeger (left).

The toy store Hamleys is at No. 188 Regent Street, just south of Oxford Circus. It was founded as Noah's Ark at No. 231 High Holborn in 1760.[43] An additional branch opened at Nos. 64–66 Regent Street in 1881, while the original High Holborn building burned down in 1901, moving to Nos. 86–87. The store was frequently the first to market the latest games and toys, and became a strong seller of table tennis equipment in the late 19th century, allowing the sport to become popular. The business moved to Nos. 200–202,[44] and moved to the current address in 1981. It claims to be the largest toy shop in the world.[45]

The main London branch of the clothing store

naturalist Gustav Jäger's pioneering use of anti-animal fibre-based clothing. The first shop, on Fore Street, had "Doctor Jaeger's Sanitary Woollen System" inscribed above the door. Oscar Wilde was a regular visitor to the shop. Henry Morton Stanley is known to have worn Jaeger clothing during his search for David Livingstone in Africa, as is Robert Falcon Scott on his fated trip to the South Pole. The company moved to Regent Street in 1935;[46]
it moved out in January 2016.

The Apple Store on Regent Street

The Apple Store opened on Regent Street on 20 November 2004. At the time, this was the first such store in Europe,[47] with the others being in the United States and Japan. It was the largest Apple store worldwide until the opening of an even larger store in Covent Garden in August 2010.[48] The building that houses the store is a

grade II listed building built in 1898 for Venetian mosaicist Antonio Salviati.[49]

The Quadrant viewed from the north in 2009: Austin Reed occupies the building on the right, with Aquascutum facing it to the left.

Austin Reed's flagship store was at Nos. 103–113 Regent Street for more than 85 years, having moved there in 1911.[50] It had an atrium at its centre, housing glass lifts allowing viewing across all floors. The lower ground floor sold womenswear and also housed Austin's, the refurbished Art Deco Barber Shop.[51] In May 2011, the British fashion retailer Superdry announced it would move into the building, paying £12m for the lease. In return, Austin Reed moved to the former Aquascutum shop on the other side of the road.[52] In 2016, Austin Reed filed for administration, ending over 100 years' presence on Regent Street.[53]

Swan and Edgar moved their haberdashery business into the newly-developed Regent Street in the 1820s; they first opened at number 49, and by 1848 had expanded into 45-51. The premises, which included a prominent frontage on Piccadilly Circus, were rebuilt by Sir Reginald Blomfield in 1910-20. The department store closed down in 1982.[56]

Hedges and Butler, wine and spirits merchant established in 1667, moved into 153 Regent Street in 1819 and stayed there for a little under 200 years.[56] Since 2014 the premises have been occupied by Watches of Switzerland.[57]

Broadcasting

Broadcasting House is immediately north of the top end of Regent Street, and has been used by the BBC since 1932

Immediately north of Regent Street is the

soundproofed studios. The exterior is built of Portland stone and above the front entrance is a sculpture by Eric Gill.[58]

Broadcasting House was first used by the BBC on 2 May 1932, and total construction costs were £350,000. It was too small for all services, and St George's Hall, next to All Souls, was used for variety broadcasts until it was demolished during

MacCormac Jamieson Prichard.[60] Originally named the Egton House, it was renamed to the John Peel Wing in 2012, in memory of the radio broadcaster.[61]

The

rock groups performed live concerts here, including The Beatles, Queen and Pink Floyd, which were simultaneously recorded for broadcast. The BBC stopped using the theatre in 1995.[62]

Education

The University of Westminster's official flag in royal blue above No. 309 Regent Street

The

Polytechnic of Central London (PCL), which in turn became the University of Westminster in 1992.[65]

The university houses the Regent Street Cinema which acted as a platform for major scientists, artists and authors such as Charles Dickens,[66] John Henry Pepper,[67] and The Lumière Brothers (Auguste and Louis Lumière) where public and private screenings of Cinématographe were shown to an audience.[68] The cinema was restored and reopened to the public in May 2015.[69]

Other

All Souls Church next to Broadcasting House, as seen from The Heights

All Souls Church is at the top of Regent Street next to Broadcasting House. It was built in 1823 out of Bath stone and consecrated in 1824, and is the only surviving building in Regent Street that was designed by John Nash.[25][70]

The Café Royal, located at 68 Regent Street in the Quadrant, was opened in 1865 by Daniel Nicols and became an institution of London high society. In 1895 Oscar Wilde argued with Frank Harris in the café about his proposal to sue the Marquess of Queensberry for libel over Wilde's alleged homosexuality. Wilde went ahead with the trial, which ultimately led to his own arrest and imprisonment. The present building, by Sir Reginald Blomfield, dates from 1928 and is Grade II listed. It was closed in 2008 and the building which houses the café was bought by a subsidiary of Alrov Group,[71] as a part of Crown Estate's plans to redevelop this part of Regent Street.[72]

Veeraswamy, London's oldest extant Indian restaurant, has been at 99-101 Regent Street since 1926.[73]

Events

Nigel Mansell driving a Jordan Formula One car on Regent Street in 2004

Regent Street is home to several events throughout the year.[74] The Regent Street Festival happens annually, and during this time, the street is closed to traffic.[75] In September, there is a series of fashion-related events, dubbed as Fashion and Design Month (FDM), which has been running since 2015.[76][77] In an interview with David Shaw, the head of the Regent Street Portfolio, he said that for FDM 2016, they worked with many "talented individuals across a variety of events, combining creative talent with our established stores."[76]

There have been

Christmas lights on Regent Street in various forms since 1882.[25] The current regular displays date from 1948, when the Regent Street Association decorated the street with trees.[78] Since 1954, the Regent Street Association have arranged annual Christmas lights. There is a different display every year and the switching on ceremony occurs during November.[79]

On 6 July 2004, half a million people crowded into Regent Street and the surrounding streets to watch a parade of Formula One cars.[80] In 2016, the sport's chief manager, Bernie Ecclestone, speculated that a London Grand Prix may potentially happen in the future, including Regent Street as a part of the circuit.[81]

Cultural references

The character Lord Frederick Verisopht in Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby lived in an apartment in Regent Street. This reflected the nature of the street in the mid-19th century when it was still a fashionable residence for the upper class.[82]

In August 1839, the first British commercial production of daguerreotype photographs were carried out in a property on Regent Street, shortly after the process had been publicly documented.[13]

Regent Street is a location on the British version of Monopoly as a group of three green squares with Oxford Street and Bond Street. The three properties are grouped together as they are all known for their retail and commercial backgrounds.[83]

The Langham Hotel on Regent Street is mentioned in several of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, including "The Sign of Four", "A Scandal in Bohemia" and "The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax".[84] In The Hound of the Baskervilles (chapter 4), Holmes and Watson attempt to follow Stapleton down Regent Street.[85]

Offshoot crescent road Heddon Street was the location for the cover photography for 1972 David Bowie album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. A blue plaque has been placed to mark the spot where Bowie posed for the front cover. [86]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The section between Waterloo Place and Piccadilly Circus; colloquially known as "'Lower Regent Street" was officially renamed to "Regent Street St James" 2014.[2]
  2. ^ This photograph has a wide field of view. In reality, the curvature is not as extreme.

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Regent Street". Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  2. ^ City Management and Communities results of Traffic Order Consultation – Ref: 7053 Regent Street St James's Renaming A Length of Regent Street (PDF) (Report). London Borough of Westminster Council. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  3. ^ Timbs 1867, p. 710.
  4. ^ a b c "Regent Street". Google Maps. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  5. British Broadcasting Corporation
    . Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  6. ^ "Standard Tube Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  7. ^ "Central London Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  8. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 341.
  9. ^ a b c d e Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 685.
  10. ^ Williams 1990, p. 136.
  11. ^ Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2013, p. 23.
  12. ^ a b c d Westminster, p. 6.
  13. ^ a b Walford, Edward (1878). Regent Street and Piccadilly. Vol. 4. London. pp. 246–262. Retrieved 7 September 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ a b c d Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 686.
  15. ^ Weightman et al. 2007, p. 23.
  16. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, pp. 685–6.
  17. ^ Hobhouse 2008, p. 7.
  18. ^ Hobhouse 2008, p. 194.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Arnold, Dana (2005). Rural Urbanism: London Landscapes in the Early 19th Century. Manchester University Press. pp. 87–88.
  20. ^ a b c "James Burton [Haliburton], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography".
  21. ^ Williams 1990, pp. 29, 41.
  22. ^ Williams 1990, p. 54.
  23. ^ a b Moore 2003, p. 254.
  24. ^ Williams 1990, pp. 135–157.
  25. ^ a b c d Moore 2003, p. 255.
  26. ^ a b c d Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 687.
  27. ^ a b c The rebuilding of Piccadilly Circus and the Regent Street Quadrant. Vol. 31–32. pp. 85–100. Retrieved 30 August 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ a b Westminster, p. 7.
  29. ^ a b Weightman et al. 2007, p. 110.
  30. .
  31. .
  32. ^ Westminster, p. 26.
  33. Londonist
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  34. ^ Green 1987, p. 30.
  35. ^ Hobhouse 2008, p. 111.
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  37. ^ "Norway's $815 bln oil fund buys into London property". Reuters. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
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  39. ^ "HRH opens the environmentally friendly headquarters of the Crown Estate in London". HM Government. 9 June 2006. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  40. ^ a b Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 236.
  41. ^ Hamilton, Alan (17 June 2005). "'Stuffy' retail giant shuts as owner cuts its cloth". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  42. ^ a b Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 483.
  43. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 371.
  44. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 372.
  45. ^ "The history of Hamleys – London's famous toy shop". BBC News. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  46. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 440.
  47. ^ "Apple to Open First Retail Store in Europe on London's Regent Street on Saturday November 20th". Apple News. 18 November 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  48. ^ "World's biggest Apple store opens in Covent Garden". BBC News. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  49. ^ "Apple Regent Street – Foster + Partners". archdaily.com. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  50. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 684.
  51. ^ Oulton & Paterson 2000, p. 58.
  52. ^ "Superdry in £12m Austin Reed deal". The Daily Telegraph. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  53. ^ "Austin Reed files notice for administration". The Daily Telegraph. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  54. ^ "About us". Aquascutum. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  55. ^ Holland, Tiffany. "Aquascutum seeking London flagship". Retail Week. William Reed Ltd. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  56. ^ a b Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (1983). The London Encyclopaedia (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 874.
  57. ^ "GREATEST SHOWROOMS: Watches of Switzerland, London, UK". WatchPro. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  58. ^ a b c Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 100.
  59. ^ Conlan, Tara; Plunkett, John (1 April 2013). "BBC Television Centre to be redeveloped as a 'digital experience'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  60. ^ "The new BBC Broadcasting House: So what does £1bn buy?". The Guardian. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  61. ^ "BBC to name wing of new Broadcasting House after John Peel". BBC Media Centre. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  62. ^ "BBC Heritage Trail Buildings". History of the BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  63. ^ "175 years – About us – University of Westminster, London". Westminster.ac.uk. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  64. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 732.
  65. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 652.
  66. ^ "'The Goblin Court', Royal Polytechnic Institution lantern slide". Science Museum Group Collection. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  67. ^ Information, Reed Business (1 September 1977). New Scientist. Retrieved 6 September 2013. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  68. ^ Hibbert et al. 2010, p. 960.
  69. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (6 May 2015). "Remaking a classic: Regent Street Cinema to reopen doors after 35 years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  70. ^ Summerson 1962, p. 220.
  71. ^ "Cafe Royal sale". Daily Telegraph. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  72. ^ McSmith, Andy (23 December 2008). "Last orders at the Café Royal". The Independent. London.
  73. ^ "History". Veeraswamy. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  74. ^ "Events – Regent Street London". Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  75. ^ "Regent Street Festival". Time Out. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  76. ^ a b Marfil, Lorelei (1 September 2016). "London's Regent Street Hosts Series of Fashion Events in September". Women's Wear Daily. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  77. Eventmagazine.co.uk. Haymarket Media Group. Archived
    from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  78. ^ "London Christmas Lights – Regent Street". The Met Office. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  79. ^ Curtis, Sophie (14 November 2015). "Largest ever Christmas light installation brings Regent Street heritage to life". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  80. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 July 2004. Archived
    from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  81. ^ Noble, Jonathan (10 May 2016). "Why latest London Grand Prix talk is nonsense". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  82. .
  83. ^ Moore 2003, p. 241.
  84. ^ "A not-so-elementary guide to Sherlock Holmes' London". Los Angeles Times. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  85. ^ "Discover Sherlock Holmes's London – from 221B Baker Street to the bar where it all began". Radio Times. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  86. ^ "David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust album marked with blue plaque". the Guardian. 27 March 2012.

Sources

Further reading

External links