Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia
Rèz ( Emilian) | |
---|---|
Comune di Reggio nell'Emilia | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 42121-42122-42123-42124 |
Dialing code | 0522 |
Patron saint | San Prospero |
Saint day | November 24 |
Website | Official website |
Reggio nell'Emilia
The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani, while the inhabitants of
The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.
History
Ancient and early Middle Ages
Reggio began as a historical site with the construction by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of the Via Aemilia, leading from Piacenza to Rimini (187 BC). Reggio became a judicial administration centre, with a forum called at first Regium Lepidi, then simply Regium, whence the city's current name.
During the Roman age Regium is cited only by Festus and Cicero, as one of the military stations on the Via Aemilia. However, it was a flourishing city, a Municipium with its own statutes, magistrates and art colleges.
In 773, the
In 1002, Reggio's territory, together with that of
Free commune
Reggio became a free commune around the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. In 1167 it was a member of the Lombard League and took part in the Battle of Legnano. In 1183 the city signed the Treaty of Konstanz, from which the city's consul, Rolando della Carità, received the imperial investiture. The subsequent peace spurred a period of prosperity: Reggio adopted new statutes, had a mint, schools with celebrated masters, and developed its trades and arts. It also increasingly subjugated the castles of the neighbouring areas. At this time the Crostolo stream was deviated westwards, to gain space for the city. The former course of the stream was turned into an avenue called Corso della Ghiara (gravel), nowadays Corso Garibaldi.
The 12th and 13th century, however, were also a period of violent internal struggle between the Scopazzati (meaning "swept away from the city with brooms", noblemen) and Mazzaperlini (meaning "lice killers", plebeians) parties, and later those of Ruggeri and Malaguzzi, involved in a bitter domestic rivalry. In 1152 Reggio also warred with Parma and in 1225 with Modena, as part of the general struggle between the
, entered the city, and this event calmed the situation for a while, spurring a momentous flourishing of religious fervour. But disputes soon resurfaced, and as early as 1265 the Ghibellines killed the Guelph's leader, Caco da Reggio, and gained preeminence. Arguments with the Bishop continued and two new parties formed, the Inferiori and Superiori. Final victory went to the latter.To thwart the abuses of powerful families such as the Sessi, Fogliani and Canossa, the Senate of Reggio gave the city's rule for a period of three years to
The city was subsequently under the suzerainty of
Duchy of Reggio
In 1452, Borso was awarded the title of Duke of
In 1513, Reggio was handed over to
Napoleonic age and restoration
The arrival of the
The 1815
In 1848, Duke
Contemporary history
Reggio then went through a period of economic and population growth from 1873 to the destruction of the ancient walls. In 1911, it had 70,000 inhabitants. A strong
On 27 April 2023 the City of Reggio Emilia is one of the winner of the prize European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity [6]
Jewish history
Jews began arriving to Reggio in the early 15th century. Many Jews were
After the Napoleonic era the Jews of Reggio gained emancipation and began to migrate to other parts of Europe looking for greater economic and social freedom. Thus, the Jewish community in Reggio began to lower. The German occupation during
Many notable rabbinic scholars have resided in Reggio. These include Isaac Foa, Immanuel Sonino, Obadiah ben Israel Sforno, Nathan ben Reuben David Spira, Menahem Azariah Fano, Baruch Abraham ben Elhanan David Foa, Hezekiah ben Isaac Foa, Isaac ben Vardama Foa, Israel Nissim Foa, Israel Solomon Longhi, Isaiah Mordecai ben Israel Hezekiah Bassani, Israel Benjamin ben Isaiah Bassani, Elhanan David Carmi, Benjamin ben Eliezer ha-Kohen, Joshua ben Raphael Fermi, Moses Benjamin Foa, Abram Michael Fontanella, Judah Ḥayyim Fontanella, Israel Berechiah Fontanella, Raphael Jehiel Sanguinetti, Isaac Samson d'Angeli, R. J. Bolognese, Hananiah Elhanan Ḥai ha-Kohen, Jacob Levi, Moses Benjamin Levi, Israel Berechiah Sanguinetti, David Jacob Maroni, Giuseppe Lattes, Alessandro da Fano, Lazzaro Laide Tedesco, and Shimshon Chaim Nachmani.[10] [11][12]
Climate
The climate in Reggio Emilia is temperate continental, with hot rather moist summers (the temperatures can sometimes rise above 35 °C) (95°F) and fairly frigid winters with frequent frosts (the temperatures can go below -10 °C) (14°F).[13] Precipitations are evenly distributed all year long, but October, November and April are the most rainy months, while July and January are the most arid.[14][15] In the city you can rarely see snow, even though almost every year there is a period when it is snowing. Due to the rather high temperatures, it does not settle, or if it does, the layer of snow is not very consistent.
During Autumn and Winter it is very common, especially in the areas outside the city, to encounter very thick fog, even though nowadays it is less frequent than in the past. Other meteorological phenomena that one can expect in the area is the hard rain, freezing rain during winter, and hail during summer but rarely during spring.
The area is not particularly windy and there are often days of total calm, especially during the anticyclonic phases in winter, while spring is more ventilated.[16] The most intense winds are the ones blowing from North-East (Bora) or from South-West (Libeccio). The latter, during its descent from the Northern Apennines, it sometimes tends to become a downslope wind and thus being very dry and hot. In rare and particular conditions, the downwind of the Alps, the Foehn, can reach Reggio Emilia from the North-West. In Reggio Emilia, the average annual high temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 700 millimetres (27.56 inches).
Climate data for Reggio Emilia (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
28.8 (83.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47 (1.9) |
45 (1.8) |
58 (2.3) |
73 (2.9) |
71 (2.8) |
57 (2.2) |
35 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
57 (2.2) |
84 (3.3) |
77 (3.0) |
57 (2.2) |
700 (27.6) |
Source: Archivio climatico Enea-Casaccia[17] |
Government
Childhood education
The Reggio Emilia approach to preschool education was started by the schools of Reggio Emilia after World War II and is well known around the world. It is based and inspired on theories of Malaguzzi, Bruner, Vygotsky, Dewey, Piaget and Gardner. Reggio Emilia holds the
Economy
The economy of the province of Reggio Emilia was for a long time based on agriculture. One typical product, known worldwide and imitated, is
"Balsamic Vinegar", a condiment for salad but also cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. In the twentieth century Reggio Emilia and its territory saw also a rapid development of small and medium industries, particularly in the sector of agricultural machinery.For more than 100 years, there has been a strong tradition that supported the development of consumers'cooperatives, as well as, building and banking cooperatives. New developments in mechanics and information technology are at the origin of some new companies operating in mechatronics.
Another well-established sector is the ceramic tiles industry (mainly concentrated in the districts of Scandiano and Casalgrande).
Other leading sectors include: electronics (); utilities (Iren).
The industrial growth has attracted immigration from North and Central Africa, East Europe, and Far East (China, Pakistan, India). The immigration rate in the province is about 25%. Researches on the quality of life[20] indicate that in recent years Reggio Emilia is in very good position among Italian provinces.
Transport
Reggio Emilia railway station, opened in 1859, forms part of the Milan–Bologna railway. It is also a terminus of three secondary railways, linking Reggio Emilia with Ciano d'Enza, Guastalla and Sassuolo, respectively. The station is situated at Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, at the eastern edge of the city centre.
The other major railway station, Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana, is on the Milan–Bologna high-speed railway (there is also a connection with Reggio Emilia-Guastalla railway). It is located at the Mancasale locality, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) north from the city centre.
Along with this, there is a plan to construct a tram in the city.[21] The tram will run from the Mancasale Industrial zone in the north to Rivalta in the south, stopping at the Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana railway station, Reggio Emilia railway station and other neighborhoods.[21] The tram system has undergone a feasibility study,[22] and is set to open in 2026.[23]
Sports
Reggio Emilia is home to various professional sports clubs and arenas:
- Pallacanestro Reggiana, which competes in basketball Serie A and has won 1 Italian Supercup and 1 Eurochallenge.
- A.C. Reggiana 1919, which competes in Serie C.
- Rugby Reggio, playing in Eccellenza (Italian rugby top division).
- Volley Tricolore, playing in Serie A2.
- Kaos Reggio Emilia, playing in futsal Serie A and formed in 2017 after the merging of F.lli Bari Reggio Emilia and Kaos Futsal Ferrara.
The main sports venues in the city are:
- U.S. Sassuolohome games.
- PalaBigi (4,500 capacity), located in city centre.
- Stadio Mirabello (4,500 capacity), located in the city centre.
- Palasport Fanticini, located in the Tribunal hub.
- Stadio Canalina, located in the Canalina borough.
Main sights
Religious buildings
- Basilica della Ghiara: Main church of the city; begun in 1597, and completed in Baroque style.
- Basilica di San Prospero: Built in the 10th century and dedicated to Prosper of Reggio, a bishop of the city, it was rebuilt by Luca Corti and Matteo Fiorentini between 1514 and 1523. The façade, with eleven statues of saints and patrones, was redesigned by Giovan Battista Cattani in the mid-18th century. It includes a pleasant belfry/tower, begun in 1535 and never quite finished, with an octagonal plant. The interior of the church has a Latin cross plant, with three naves. The apse houses the splendid fresco Last Judgement, by the Bolognese artist Camillo Procaccini. Also noteworthy are the wooden choir from 1546 and the Assumption altarpiece by Tommaso Laureti and Ludovico Carracci (1602).
- Palma the Younger, Prospero Spani and Alessandro Tiarini.
- Baptistery of Saint John the Baptist.
- St Augustine in 1268 when it was rebuilt, along with the annexed convent, by the Augustinian friars. It was restored in 1452, when the tower was also erected. The current interior dates from 1645 to 1666, while the façade (1746) was designed by Alfonso Torreggiani and built by Giovan Battista Cattani. Its restored theatre hosted Model European Parliamentsessions in 2015.
- The small Baroque Christ's Oratory.
- San Girolamo e Vitale: church mentioned in document in 857 and rebuilt in 1646 by Gaspare Vigarani. It consists of three separate churches in the same building, two above ground and one underground; the crypt church houses a replica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
- San Francesco: church.
- San Giorgio: Baroque church with cupola (1746) designed by Alfonso Torreggiani.
- Tommaso Sandrini, Paolo Guidottiand paintings by Tiarini.
- cloisters in the 16th century (the small cloister by Bartolomeo Spani in 1520, the works in the main cloister ended in 1580). The interior is in a Latin cross shape with a single nave. It houses notable Baroque paintings by Alessandro Tiarini, Pietro Desani, Luca da Reggio, Camillo Gavasetti and Paolo Emilio Besenzi.
Greater cloister of Saint Peter - San Filippo Neri: Baroque church dedicated to St Philip Neri.
- San Spiridione Oratory
- San Stefano: church first mentioned when its site was outside the city walls, as a Templars' church.
- Synagogue of Reggio Emilia rebuilt in 1845 by Pietro Marchelli.
- Chiesa Battista la Verità: Main Baptist church of Reggio Emilia.
Secular buildings
- Bishop's Palace.
- Palazzo dei Musei
- Palazzo Ancini.
- Palazzo Busetti.
- merlonsand crests of ancient Reggio's Captains and Communities. In the interior is the Sala dei Difensori, "Defenders' Room"), a wide hall once used for the council of the Reggiani people.
- Palazzo del Carbone.
- Palazzo Cassoli.
- Palazzo Cassoli - Tirelli.
- Palazzo Comunale (begun in 1414), with the Tricolore Hall and the Museum of the Italian Flag. The Torre del Bordello ("Brothel Tower"), built in 1489, houses a museum of the Reggiani's deeds of 1796–1831.
- Palazzo Corbelli: 19th century palace, with facade designed by Pietro Marchelli
- Palazzo Ducale (18th century) – see italian article.
- Palazzo Fontanelli Sacrati.
- Palazzo Magnani.
- Palazzo Masdoni.
- Palazzo da Mosto
- Palazzo Pratonieri.
- Palazzo San Giorgio
- Palazzo Scaruffi.
- Palazzo Spaletti-Trivelli
- Palazzo Tirelli.
- Palazzo Torello Malaspina.
- Teatro Municipale: Neoclassical building
- Teatro Ariosto - see Italian article.
- Monumento ai Caduti, Parco del Popolo(1927)
- Monument to the Concordi, Parco del Popolo: Ancient roman monument
Bridges
- Autostrada A1 bridges, three bridges designed by Santiago Calatrava and opened in 2005–2006.[24] The three bridges connect the Austostrada del Sole A1 (the main Italian north to south motorway) to the city of Reggio Emilia.[24] A central arch bridge spans the Milan-Bologna high-speed railway line and the motorway, while twin cable-stayed bridges are at either end.[24][25] The twin bridges pass over service roundabouts and access roads to allow connections with the adjacent Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana high-speed railway station.[24]
- In 2009, the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork gave the three bridges a European Steel Design Award, stating that the twin bridges' original visual effects at different angles give the two bridges "the aspect of huge musical instruments."[25]
Painters and sculptors
- Giacomo Benevelli
- Francesco Burani
- Antonio da Correggio ("Il Correggio")
- Raffaellino da Reggio
- Paolo da San Leocadio
- Luca Ferrari ("Luca da Reggio")
- Antonio Fontanesi
- Anselmo Govi
- Cristoforo Munari
- Lelio Orsi
- Prospero Spani ("Il Clemente")
- Antonio Ligabue
People
- Elvis Abbruscato, footballer
- Daniele Adani, former footballer and television pundit
- Carlo Ancelotti, football manager and former footballer
- Luca Ariatti, former footballer
- Ludovico Ariosto, poet
- Stefano Baldini, marathon champion
- Benny Benassi, musician
- Orietta Berti, singer
- Matteo Maria Boiardo, poet
- Kobe Bryant, American basketball player. He lived in Reggio Emilia in his youth.
- Riccardo Cervi, basketball player
- Philip Corner, composer, Fluxus artist
- Black Box (band), band
- Graziano Delrio, politician
- Giuseppe Dossetti, politician
- Zucchero Fornaciari, singer
- Sonia Ganassi, opera singer
- Gino Giaroli, former footballer
- Luigi Ghirri, photographer
- Giovanni Guicciardi, opera singer[26]
- Nilde Iotti, politician
- CGIL
- Luciano Ligabue, singer
- Hachim Mastour, footballer
- Nicolo Melli, basketball player
- Federico Mussini, basketball player
- Antonio Pacchioni, scientist
- Romano Prodi, economist and politician
- Serge Reggiani, actor and singer
- Meuccio Ruini, politician
- Angelo Secchi, scientist
- Marco Silvestri, footballer
- Lazzaro Spallanzani, scientist
- Ferruccio Tagliavini, opera singer
- Pier Vittorio Tondelli, writer
- Romolo Valli, actor
- Giovanni Battista Venturi, scientist
- Ermete Zacconi, actor
- Iva Zanicchi, singer and politician
- Cesare Zavattini, writer and painter
- CCCP Fedeli alla linea, band
- Offlaga Disco Pax, band
- Raw Power (band), band
Frazioni (hamlets)
- Bagno - Cadè - Canali - Cavazzoli - Castellazzo - Cella - Codemondo - Corticella - Coviolo - Fogliano - Gaida - Gavassa - Gavasseto - Mancasale - Marmirolo - Masone - Massenzatico - Ospizio - Pieve Modolena - Pratofontana - Rivalta - Roncadella - Roncocesi - Sabbione - San Bartolomeo - San Maurizio - San Pellegrino - San Prospero Strinati - Sesso.
Boroughs
- Acque Chiare - Baragalla - Buco del Signore - Canalina - Centro Storico (Historical Centre) - Lungocrostolo - Mirabello - Ospedale (Hospital) - Ospizio - Quartier Giardino - Rosta Nuova - Stazione (Railway station)
International relations
- Reggio Emilia is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.[27]
- Reggio Emilia is a member city of Eurotowns network.[28]
Twin towns – sister cities
Reggio Emilia is
Friendship
- Ekurhuleni, South Africa
- Nablus, Palestine
- Rio Branco, Brazil
- Rizhao, China
See also
Notes
- ^ Pronunciation: US: /ˈrɛdʒ(i)oʊ ˌnɛlɛˈmiːljə/,[4][5] Italian: [ˈreddʒo nelleˈmiːlja; ˈrɛddʒo -] ⓘ.
- ^ Literally "Reggio of Lombardy".
References
- ^ a b "Istat". Retrieved 2017-06-13.
- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- Istat
- ^ "Reggio nell'Emilia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
- ^ "Reggio". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
- ^ "Press corner".
- ^ "Community of Reggio Emilia". Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
- ^ Nicolò, Vasc. "Gli ebrei reggiani dal 1945 a oggi". reggioebraica.it. Reggio Ebraica.
- ^ "Dieci "pietre" per gli ebrei reggiani morti ad Auschwitz". Gazzetta di Reggio. December 2, 2014.
- ^ "Reggio Emilia". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ "Reggio". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ "About the Author". 24 September 2017.
- ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
- ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
- ^ "Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo".
- ^ "Atlante Eolico".
- ^ "Archivio climatico Enea-Casaccia". [Enea-Casaccia].
- ^ Accessed 10 July 2011. Archived February 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ""Balsamic vinegar"". Italiaregina.it. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
- ^ "research on quality of life". Il Sole 24 Ore.
- ^ a b "Un tram attraverserà Reggio Emilia: ecco il progetto. VIDEO Reggionline -Telereggio – Ultime notizie Reggio Emilia |". www.reggionline.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "Tram Reggio Emilia". GO-Mobility (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ https://www.studiox.bg (2023-12-20). "Reggio Emilia looks forward to getting its first tramway line | TheMayor.EU". www.themayor.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
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- ^ a b c d "Twin Stayed Road Bridges Reggio Emilia". Milan, Italy: Redailli Tecna S.P.A. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
- ^ a b "Three bridges in Reggio Emilia (Italy)" (PDF). European Steel Design Awards 2009. Brussels, Belgium: General Secretariat, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. 2009. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ^ Ascarelli, Alessanda (2004). "Gucciardi, Giovanni", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 61. Treccani. Online version retrieved 1 October 2013 (in Italian).
- ^ Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Reggio Emilia, Italy". coe.int. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- ^ "Eurotowns – The future's city network in Europe (2019)". Eurotowns.
- ^ "Gemellaggi e dichiarazioni di amicizia". comune.re.it (in Italian). Reggio nell'Emilia. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
Bibliography
External links
- Reggio Emilia travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official tourist information in English